Pharmacology Flashcards
bioavailability
fraction of drug reaching the circulation unchanged IV=100%
Clearance
volume of cleared of drug per unit time
half life
the time used to change the amount of drug in the body in 1/2 duration time
additive
the sum of drug A and B is the same as their individual effects
Apirin and acetaminophen
permissive
presence of substance A is required to attain full of B
cortisol and catecholamine
synergystic
effect of substance A and substance B together is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
clopedogrel and aspirin
tachyphylatic
acute decrease in response to a drug after initiation
competitive antagonist
decrease potency, no change in efficacy
noncompetitive antagonist
decrease in pot. and efficacy. cannot be overcome by antagonist
partial agonist (alone)
decrease potency and efficacy, act on the same site as the full agonist
zero order elimination
rate of elimination is constant, ie constand amount of drug elimination, PEA is round:
Phenythoin, Ethanol, Aspirin
first order elimination
rate of elimination is directly proportional to drug concentration, constant fraction of elimination per unit time, most drugs
explain ph and drug elimination
ionized species are trapped in urine and cleared quickly. neutral species are reabsorbed.
weak acids
eg: phenobarbital, methotrxate, aspirin. trapped in basic enviroment. Treat overdose with sodium bacarbonate to alkalinize urine.
weak basis
eg: TCAs, amphetamines. Trapped inacidic eviroments. Treat overdose with ammonium chloride to acidify urine.
Phase 1
Reduction, Oxidation, Hydrolysis with cytochrome P450.
R-OH
Phase2
Conjugation (Methylation, Glucuronidation, Acetylation, Sulfation)
2 (too) Much GAS
efficacy
max. drug effect a drug can prodce
potency
amount of drug needed for a given effect
bethanechol
Colinomimetic , bladder smooth muscle activation, resistant to AChE; Used in urinary retention
Carbachol
Colinomimetic, carbon copy of acetylchloine, used in glaucoma
metacholine
Colinomimetic, stim. muscarinic resep.
pilocarpine
Colinomimetic, contracts ciliary muscle, use glacoma
what drugs are used in Alzheimer disease
anticholinesterase, Dona Riva, dance at a Gala
pyridostigmine
anticholinesterase, increases ACh and muscle strength, used in myastenia gravis
phenoxybezamine
irrev. alpha blocker, Pheochromocytoma
phentolamine
reversibel alpha blocker, given MAOI +tyramine consumption
which are the alpha 1 selctive drugs
-zosin, for BPH, PTSD-prazozsin, hypertension-tamsolusin
Mirtazapine is?
alpha 2 selective drug, Depression
Timolol
is a beta blocker used for glaucoma
which beta blockers are used in heart failure?
biso, carve, metoprelol
Which beta blocker is used in thyroid storm?
propanelol
What beta blocker is used in SVT?
metoprolol, esmolol
which beta blocker is used in variceal bleeding
nadolol,propanolol, carvidilol
Which beta blocker are b1-selctive?
A-M, beta 1 more than beta2, acebutolol, atenelol, betaxolol, esmlol, metroprolol
nonselective
NonZelective go from N-Z (beta2 with the secon half of the alphabet) beta1=beta2 nadelol, pindalol, timolol
nonselective alpha and beta blockers
carvedilol, labetalol, modified suffix, -olol
nevilol combines cardic -selective?
beta1, beta3: NO
acetaminophen antidote
n-acetylcysteine—replenishes glutathione
AChE inhibiters, organophosphates antidote
Atropine >palidoxime
Antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agents antidote
Physostigmine, control hyperthermia
arsenic antidote
dimercaprol, succiner
bezodiazepines antidote
flumazenil
beta-blockers antidote
atropine, glucagon, saline
carbon monoxide antidote
100% 02, hyperbaric 02
copper antidote
penny cillamine (pinicillamine), trientine (3 copper penny)
Cyanide antidote
nitride+thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin
digitalis (digoxin) antidote
digoxin-specific antibody fragments
therapeudic index is?
the measure a drugs safety
Iron antidote
deFERoxamine
lead antidote
calcium disodium EDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine
Mercury antidote
dimercaprol, succiMER
methanol, ethylene glycol antidote
Fomepizole> ethanol, dialysis
methemoglobin antidote
Methylene blue, vitamin C
Salicylates antidote
NaHCO3, dialysis
TCAs antidote
NaHCO3
cytochrome p450 interaction inducer
Modafinil, chronic alcohol use, st. johns worth, phenytoin, phenobabital, nevirapine, rifampin, griseofulvin, carbamazapin
cytochrome p450 interaction substrates
warferin, anti-epileptics, theophylline, OCPs
cytochrome p450 interaction inhibitors
sodium valproate, isoniazid, cimetidine, ketoconazol, fluconazol, acute alcohol abuse, chloramphenicol, erythromycin/clarithromycin, sulfonamides, ciprofloxacin, omeprazole, metronidazole, amiodarone, grapefuit juice
sulfa drugs are
sulfonamide, sulfasalazine, probenecid, furo, acetazolamide, celecoxid, thiazides, suflfonylureas
