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S1 First aid > neurology > Flashcards

neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gliobastoma multiforme?

A

grade 4 astrocytoma, located in the cerebral hemisphere, can cross the corpus calosum
histo: GFAP+, Pseudopalisading cell

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2
Q

Oligodendroglioma is?

A

location: frontal lobe
histo: oligodendrocytes, fried egg, chicken-wire apillery pattern

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3
Q

meningioma is?

A

location parasagittal region, histo: arachnoid cells, spindel cells concentrically arranged in a whorled pattern, psammona bodies (laminated calcification)

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4
Q

hemanglioblastoma is?

A

location: mostly cebellar, associ. with hippel-lindau sy. when found in the retinal angiomas. can poroduce erythopoetin.
hist: blood vessel, closely arranged thin walled capillaries

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5
Q

schwannoma is?

A

location cerbellopontine angle, invol. CN 7,8

histo: s100. hyper/hypocellular areas containing spindel cell, myxoid areas

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6
Q

Charcot-Marie-tooth disease

A

usul atosom. domi. associ. with foot deformities. CMT1A and caused by pm22 gene

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7
Q

barbiturates

A

-bital, facilitate gaba by action by increasing the duration cl- channel opening

induces cytochrome 450

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8
Q

benzos

A

-pam and chlodiazepoxide

facilitate gaba by increasing the frequency of opening

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9
Q

nonbezos hynotics

A

ZZZ, zolpidem

acts by bz1 subtype gaba receptor

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10
Q

Chiari I malformation

A

Ectopia of cerebral tonsils inferior to foramen magnum. associ. with spinal cavitations (eg synringomyelia)

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11
Q

Chiari Il malformation

A

Herniation of cerebral vermis and tosils

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12
Q

Basal ganglia brain lesion

A

results in tremor, chorea, athetosis . Parkison, Huntington

caused by the lenticulostriate artery

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13
Q

Hippocampus brain lesion

A

anterograde amnesia— inability to make new memory

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14
Q

Dominant parietal cortex brain lesion

A

Gerstmann syndrome, agraphia, acalculia, left-right disoritation

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15
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

controlateral hemibalismus

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16
Q

mammillary body bilateral

A

Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome-Confusion

Ataxia, Nystagmus, Othalmoplegia

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17
Q

Amygdala

A

Klüver-Bucy: disinhib. behavior—-> HSV1 encephalitis

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18
Q

Read nucleus/midbrain

A

decorticate posturing: fexors of the upper and lower ext. extensors

Decerebrate is the opposite

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19
Q

Cecebrall vermis

A

Truncal ataxia, drucken sailer, Nystagmus

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20
Q

Epidural hemorrhage

A

middle meningeal artery—lentiform

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21
Q

Subdural hemorrhage

A

bridging veins—-cresent shape

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22
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

aneurysm or trauma—

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23
Q

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

hypertension

Charcot- Bouchard

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24
Q

BASilry artery stroke

A

Locked in syndrome (locked in the BASement)

SY: quadrplagia, loss of voluntery eye movement, consiousness

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25
Q

Broca

A

inf. frontal gyrus

expressive, Broca= Broken Boca

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26
Q

Wernicke

A

suprior temporal gyrus

receptive, Wernicke=Word salad

27
Q

Saccular aneurysm

A

Also known as berry aneurism /biforcation at the circle of willi, Ehlers, hypertension etc

28
Q

Charcot- bouchard aneurysm

A

Common, chron. hypert. not visible on angio.

29
Q

Cluster H.

A

unilateral, periorbital sometimes with Horne Syndrome

30
Q

Migraine

A

unilateral pulsating pain, photophobia

31
Q

Tension

A

bilateral, steady band like pain

32
Q

Parkinson

A

Lewy bodies: composed od alpha-syneuclein (intracell. eosinophilic inclusions

33
Q

Huntington

A

autsom. dominane trinucleotide CAG, repeat expasion in huntingtin (HTT) gene chrom. Dopamin increase, GABA decrease and ACh decrease. Death of NMDA-receptors

CAG
Caudate loses ACh and GABA

Atrophy of the caudate and putamen

34
Q

Alzheimer

A

most common. Down syn. APP is located on chrom 21.

altered proteins: Apo2 decreased, Apo4 increased
APP (Amyloid precursor protein), presenilin1 and 2: familial form

Neurofibrillary tangles, tau protein

Senile plaques in gray matter: extracellular beta amyloid core

35
Q

Frontotemporal Dementia

A

Formerly known as Pick disease. Early changes in personality and behavior, or aphasia. May be associ. with movement disorders. FT Lobe degeneration

36
Q

Lewy body dementia

A

Intracellular Lewy bodies in the cortex. Visual hallucination ‘HaLEWYcination’, dementia with fluctuating cognition/ altertness, REM sleep behavior disorder and parkinsonism

37
Q

Vascular dementia

A

Result of multiple arterial infarts and or chronic ischemia, Step-wise decline. MRT: Cortical or Sucortical infarcts

38
Q

Creuzfelt-Jakob disease

A

rapid progr. demtia with myoclonus and ataxia, Spogiform cortex Prion PrPc beta-plat-sheet resistant to protease

EEG sharp waves and increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF

39
Q

idiopathic intracranial hypertension

A

aka pseudotumor cerebri. Increased ICP on imagings.

SY: Headache, tinnitus, diplopia, CN VI palsy—->pailleedema

40
Q

normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

elderly, CSF openin pressure is nomal

triad: urinary in., gait ataxia, cognitive dysfunction

41
Q

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy

A

subtype: Guillain- Barre syndrome

42
Q

Tuberous sclerosis

A

AD variable expr.

TSC1 Mutation on Chromosome 9

TSC2 mutation on chromosome 16

Tumer Suppressor genes.

HAMARTOMASS in the CNS
Harmatomas, Angiofibrosi, Mitral regurgitation, Ash-leaf spots, cardiac Rhabdomyoma (Tuberous sclerosis), auto. dOminant; Mental retardation, renal Angiomyolipoma, Seizures, Shagreen patches.

43
Q

Neurofibromatosis type I

A

AKA von Recklinghausen
AD 100% penetrance, NF1 Mutation in tumor supressor gene

CICLOPSS
Cafe au lait spots, Interl. dis., Cutaneous neurofibromtas, Lish nodules (pigmented iris harmatos) Optic gliomas, Pheochromocytoma, Seizues/ focal neurologic Signs (often form meningioma), bone lesions (eg, sphenoid dysplasia)

44
Q

Neurofibromatosis II

A

AD. Mutation in NF2 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 22.

Bilat. vestibular schwannomas, juvenile cataracts, meningiomas, ependymomas

NF2 affects 2ears 2 eyes and 2 parts of the brain

45
Q

Sturge-Weber-Syndrome

A

Congenital nonhereditary anomaly of neural crest derivatives.

Somatic mosaism of activating mutation in one copy of the GNAQ gene.

SSTURGGE:
Sporadic, port-wine Stain, Tram track calcifications, Unilateral, interl. dis. (Retardation), Glaucoma, GNAQ gene, Epilepsy

46
Q

von Hippel lindau

A

VHL=3 Letters (Chrom.3p), HARP

Hemangioblastoma, Angiomatosis, bil. Renal cell carcimoa; Pheochromacytomas

47
Q

Polio

A

anterior horn LMN

48
Q

Friedreich Ataxia

A

AR Trinucl. repeat dis. GAA on chrom 9

degeration of most tracts

Staggering gait, DM, HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Kyphoscoliosis

49
Q

jaw deviation towards the side of the lesion

A

CN V

50
Q

Uvula deviation away from the lesion

A

CN X

51
Q

head move controlat. to the lesion

A

CN XI Trapezius

52
Q

tonugue deviates toward the lesion

A

CN XII

53
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

towards the affected

Rinne test: BONE>AIR

54
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

localized towards unaffected ear

Rinne test: Reduced bilaterally; AIR>BONE

55
Q

Horner Sy. associ. lesion

A

1rst neuron: pontine hemorrhage, lat. medullary syndrome, spinal cord lesion T1: Brown Sequard Syn., late stage of synringomylia)

2nd neuron: stellate ganglion compression by Pancoast tumor

3rd neuron: carotid dissection (painful)

56
Q

Miosis

A

The SHORT ciliary nerves SHORten the pupil diameter

57
Q

Pupillary reflex

A

message sent via CN II (pretectal nuclei), to the Westfal (midbrain)

58
Q

Mydriasis

A

Long ciliary

59
Q

Leukoria

A

Loss of the red reflex—–>retinoblastoma, cong. cataract, toxocariasis

60
Q

Pailledema

A

Optic disc swelling due to ICP increase, 2°mass effect. Enlarged Optic disc

61
Q

Retinits pigmentosa

A

Inheri. retinal degen. night blindness. Bone spicule-shaped deposits around macula

62
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion

A

Acute, painless monocular vision loss. Retina loudy with attenuated vessels an d cherry red spot at the fovea. Embolic Sorce evaluation.

63
Q

rentinal detachment

A

seperation of the neurosensory layer of the retina from the pigmented.

2° DM, effusions. inflamm.

flashes and floaters

64
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy

A

uncrontrolled HTN

Flamed shaped retinal hemorrhages, av nicking,

S1 First aid (20 decks)

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