antibiotics Flashcards
penicillin mech. of action?
D-Ala-D-Ala structural analog, binds p-binding proteins (transpeptidase), blocks transpeptidase cross-licking of petidoglycan.
Use: gram+: S. pyogenes, S. pneumo, spirochetes, N. meningitidis
penicillinase sensitive penicillins are? mech. of action?
Amoxillin, ampicillin, aminopenicillins, same mech. as penicillin. calvulanic acid is added to protect against betalactamase. USE for HHELPSS
H flu, H pylori, E. coli, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella
penicillinase resistant penicillins are? mech. of action?
dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin. Use naf for staph
antipseudomonal? mech. of action?
piperacillin, ticarcillin, same as penicillin
aminoglycosides mech. of action?
genta-, neo-, amica-,tobra-,strepmycin, 30S, bacteriocidal, only gram -
Means caNNOT kill aerobs:
Nephro-,Neuro-,Ototoxic, Teratogenic
OTOTOXIC
tetracyclines mech. of action?
tetra, doxy, minocycline, 30S, prevent attachment to tRNA, bacteriostatic USE: borrelia burg, m. pneumo, rickettsia, chlamydia
TEETH DISCOLO. INHI. BONE GROWTH
Cephalosporins
beta-lactam drugs that inhibit the CELL WALL synthesis less susceptible to penilinases. Bacteriacidal. Not covered by LAME: Listeria, Atypicals( Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA, and Enterococci.
1rst gen. covers gram+ PEcK: Proteus, E.coli, Klebsiella
Cefazolin, Cephalexin
2nd gen. (cefaclor, cefoxin, cefuroxime, cetotetan) gram+
2nd graders wear fake fox fur to tea parties
2nd gen. -HENS PEcK:
H.flu, Entero, Neisseria spp, Serratia,
Proteus, E.coli, Klebsiella
beta lactam inhibitors
CAST: Clavulanic acid, Avibactam, Sulbactam, Tazo
Carbapenems
DIME: Dori-, Imi-, Mero-, Erta- life threatening situations
Bread spectrum, Beta-lactamase resistant carbapenem. given with cilastin (ihibits the renal dehydropeptidase 1)
the kill is lasting with cilastin
Use gram+ and - rods
Vanco
Inhibits cell wall peptidoglacan formation of D-Ala-D-Ala portion, mostly Bactericidal
Use: Gram+, MRSA, S. Epi, Enterococcos, Clostridium Difficile
nemonic for 30s and 50s
Buy AT 30 and CCEL at 50
30s: Aminoglycocydes and Tetracycline
50s: Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Linezolid
Chloramphenicol
Blocks pepidyltransferase at 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic
USE: Meningitis: H.flue, Neisseria, S.pneumo and reskesial diseases
SE: Aneamia, GRAY BAPY (def. of UDP-glucoronidase in premature b.)
Clidamycin
blocks peptides transfer (translocation) at 50S
USE: Aerobic infec: (clostridium perf. and bacteroidis) inaspiration pneumo, lung abcess, and oral infection and strep A
SE: Pseudomembraneous colitis (C.diff.)
ERYTHROTOXIC
Macrolites
Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin -Thromycin
inhibits protein synthesis by blocking translocation (macroslides); binds to 23rRNA of the 50s ribusomal subunit. bateriostatic.
Use: atypical pneumonis (Myco, Clamy, Legio-), STI: clamy., gram+ Srep. for those with penicillin allergies
SE: MACRO: Motiliy, Arrthmia, Cholestatic Hep.,Rash, eOsinophiles
Sulfonamides
Sulfamthoxazole SMX, Sulf-
Inhibits dihydropterotate synthase, thus inhi. folate synthesis
USE: gram+, gram-, Norcardia. TMP-SMX for simple UTI
SE: Hemolysis in G6PD
KERNICTERUS
Dapsone
similar to sulfonamides, but structually diff.
USE: leprosy
SE: hemolysis in G6PD, agranulocytosis
Trimethroprim
ihibit bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. bacteriostatic
USE: TMP-SMX for UTIs, samonella, shigella, pseudom
SE: Hyperkalemia, TMP Treats Marrow Poorly
Fluroquinolones
Cipro-, levo- -floxacin
inhibit prokaryotic enzymes topoisomerase 2 (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. batericidel
USE: Gram - rods UTI and GI includo Pseudo, some gram +, otitis externa
Fluroquinolones hurts the attachments to your bones
Cipro inhibits P-450
CARTELAGE DAMAGE
Metronidazole
Forms toxic free radical metabolites in the bacterial cell that damage DNA. Bacteriocidal, antiprotozoal
GET GAP on the Metro with methronidazol
Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichmonas, Gardinella, Anerobes (C.diff, bacteriodes)
can be used in place of amox. in H. pylori
treats anaerobic infection below the diaphram
SE: disulram-like wiht alcohol: flushing, hypotension, tachycardia;
metallic tast, headache
Rifamycins
Rifampin, Rifa- 4R#s
RNA polymerase inhib. DNA-dependent
Ramps up mito. cyto- P-450, BUT rifaBUTin does not
Red/orange body fluids
Rapid resitance alone
Isoniazid
decreases mycolid acid synthesis, bacteriocidal catalase poxidase (encoded by KatG) needed to convert INH to active metabolite
SE: INH Injures Neurons and Hepatocydes
and inhibits P-450
Pyrainamide
mech unknown, ph -phagolysomes
hepatotoxic
Ethambutol
decreases carbohydrate polymerization cell wall blocking arabinosyltranferase.
Eyethambutol
prophylaxes for HIV CD4 count?
<200 TMP-SMX, PCP
<100 TMP-SMX, Pneumocystis and toxplasmosis
<50 Azithromycin or Clarthromycin Mycob. Avium
Terbinafine
Lanosterol Synthesis, inhibits spualene epoxidase
Dermatophytes esp. onychomycosis
Azoles
Ergosterol synthesis by inhiting the cytochrome P-450 that converts lanesterol to ergasterol, 14-alpha-demethylase
Fluconazol in AIDS cryto menigitis, Itracanazol: Basto,
Echinocandins -fugin
caspofungin
inhi. cell wall synthesis by inhib. of beta-glucan
aspergillus, candida
Polynes: Amphotericin B,
Cell membrane integrity, ergosterol
binds to ergosterol, forms membrane pores
Amphotericin B: sytemic mycosis: Cryto, Blasto-, Cocci, Candida
Nystatin: Candida
Flucytosine
Nucleic acid synthesis: inhits DNA ana RNA synth. by conversion to 5-flu. by cytosine diamenase
systemic inf. esp. crypto
Griseofulvin
interferes with microtubule function, disrupts mitosis
dermatophytes, (tinea, ringworm)
TERATOGENIC
antiprotozoal therapy
Permethrin (toxo)
antimite threapy
Permethrin
Antihelminthic
PIMP’D
Mebendazol
Protease inhibitor (HIV)
Ataznavir -navir: assembly virions depends on HIV1 protease, which cleaves the polypeptide product of HIV mRNA into their functional parts.——>Protease inhib. prevent maturation of new viruses.
Ritonivir: inhi. P-450
Integrase inhibitors
Raltegravir -tregra: inhibits HIV genome integration into the host cell chromosome by reversibly inhibiting HIV integrase.
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
NRTIs
Competitively inhibits binding to reverse transcriptase and termination of DNA chain
Tenovir for nucleoTide, the other are nucleosides
Zidovudine (ZDV): Have you dined (vudine) with my nulear (nucleoside) family
Non-Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
NNRTIS
Delvirdine, Efavirenz, Neviapine
binds to the reverse transcriptase at diff. binding site from NRTIs. No poshorylation required
Evavirans: vivid dreams and CNS symptoms
F:Mississippi, Ohio and River Valey+ bird/ bad droppings
Histoplasma: histo hides in macrophages
F:Eastern, Central US and the great lakes
Broad base budding for Blastomycosis—->lung disease
F:Southwestern US, California+ dust exposure (archeological)
Coccidiomycosis, Spherule filled with endospores—–>Erythema nodosa (desert bumps), arthrgials causes menigits
F:Latin America
Paracoccidio, captain wheels
Bartenella spp transmission
Cat scratch
Brucella spp transmission
Brucellosis, unpasturized milk
Campylobacter transmission
Bloody diarrhea, Feces from infected animal or contaminated meats, food or hands
Coxiella burnetti
Q fever, aerosols of cattle/ amniotic fluid sheep
Ehrlichia
Ehrlichiosis, Amblyomma (lone Star tick)
Franciella tularensis
Tularemia. Ticks, rabbits, deer flies
Pasturella muticida
Cellulitis, oteomyelitis. Animal bite, cat and dogs
Rickettsia typhi
Endemic typhus, Fleas
Maravaroc
Fusion inhibitor
Maravaroc: binds to CCR-5 on the surface of the t-cells/ monocytes, inhibiting interaction with gp120
MavarOC inhibits dOCking
Enfuvirtide
Binds to gp41, inhibiting viral entry
EnFUvirtide inhibits FUsion
NS5A inhibitors
NS5A: (Non)-Structural- 5A-nucleotide analog.
Ledipasvir -a)svir
Ombitasvir -a)svir
Inhibits NS5A, a viral phosphoprotein that plays a key role in RNA replication, mech unknown
NS5B inhibitors
Sofosbuvir -b)uvir
Dasabuvir -b)uvir
Inhibits NS5B, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as chain terminator. Preventing viral RNA replication
NS3/4 inhibitors
Granzoprevir -p)revir
Simeprevir
Inbitits NS3/4, a viral protease, preventing viral replication
Alternative Hep. C drugs
Ribavirin: inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotide by competitively inhibiting IMP dehrydrogenase.
Hem. anemia/ TERATOGENIC
Oseltamivir, zanamivir are used for?
Inhibits influenza neuraminidase, decreases the release of progeny virus
Which medications are used for HZV?
Acyclovir, famiciclovir, valacyclovir
Ganciclovir
and Foscarnet
Acyclovir, famiciclovir, valacyclovir
Guanosine analogs. Monophosphorylated by HSV/VZV thymine kinase and not phos. unfected cells—>Inhib. the viral DNA polymerase by chain termination
Ganciclovir
5’-monophosphate formed by CMV viral kinase. Guanosine analo. Triphosphate formed by cellular kinases. Inhibits viral DNA polymerase.
Foscavir
Viral DNA/RNA polymerase inhibitor and HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Binds to pyrophosphaste-binding site of enzyme. Does not require any kinase actvation.
