Pharmachology Flashcards
1
Q
What three categories are drugs/medications classified by?
A
Body system
Class of agent
Mechanism of action
2
Q
What are sympathomimetics?
A
Drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system.
3
Q
What are sympatholytics?
A
Drugs that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system
4
Q
What is the neurotransmitter used in the sympathetic nervous system?
A
Norepinephrine
5
Q
What is the neurotransmitter used in the parasympathetic nervous system?
A
Acetylcholine
6
Q
What is a commonly used parasympatholytic drug used for symptomatic bradycardia and exposure to certain nerve agents?
A
Atropine
7
Q
How does the drug atropine work?
A
It binds with acetylcholine receptors to prevent the acetylcholine from exerting its effect.
8
Q
What four stages do drugs go through?
A
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
9
Q
What are the seven forms of medication?
A
Solid drugs Liquid drugs Meter dose inhalers Topical medications Transcutaneous medications Gels Gases
10
Q
What three ways are drugs administered?
A
Inhalation route
Enteral route
Parenteral route
11
Q
What does enteral mean?
A
Drugs that are administered though any portion of the GI tract
(Sublingual, buccal, oral, rectal, nasogastric routes)
12
Q
What does parenteral mean?
A
Drugs that are administered any route other than GI tract
(Intravenous, intramuscular, intraosseous, subcutaneous, transdermal/transcutaneous, intrathecal, inhalation, intralingual, intradermal, umbilical injection)
13
Q
What up does intravenous mean?
A
Into the vein
14
Q
What does intramuscular mean?
A
Into the muscle
15
Q
What does intraosseous mean?
A
Into the bone
16
Q
What does subcutaneous mean?
A
Beneath the skin
17
Q
What does transdermal/transcutaneous mean?
A
Thorough the skin (absorbed medications)
18
Q
What does intrathecal mean?
A
Within the spinal canal (drug administered into the subarachnoid space)
19
Q
What does intralingual mean?
A
Within the tongue
20
Q
What does intradermal mean?
A
Within the skin (TB shots)
21
Q
What are four drugs that are administered via the endotracheal route? (LEAN)
A
Lidocaine
Epinephrine
Atropine
Naloxene (narcan)
22
Q
What is biotransformation?
A
The chemical alteration that a substance undergoes in the body
23
Q
What is the primary organ for biotransformation?
A
The liver
24
Q
What is idiosyncrasy?
A
A completely unique response in a particular individual
25
What are the six rights of drug administration?
```
Right patient
Right drug
Right dose
Right route
Right time
Right documentation
```
26
What are elixirs?
Preparations taken orally made up of sweetened, aromatic, hydroalcoholic liquid
ALCOHOL MIXTURE
27
What are syrups?
Mixtures with a high sugar content that are designed to disguise the taste of medication
SUGAR MIXTURE
28
What are emulsions?
A mixture of two liquids that are not mutually soluble
OIL MIXTURE
29
What are six types of liquid drugs?
```
Suspensions
Tinctures
Spirits
Elixirs
Syrups
Emulsions
```
30
What does pharmacokinetic mean?
The movement of medication through the body
31
What does pharmacodynamic mean?
How the medication changes the body
32
Drugs that bind to receptors and create a response are called what?
Agonists
33
Drugs that bind to receptors and block other drugs from binding are called what?
Antagonists
34
The minimum concentration required for a drug to produce its desired response is referred to as what?
Therapeutic threshold
35
The difference between a drug's minimum effective concentration and its toxic level is referred to as what?
Therapeutic range
36
What is potentiation?
Enhancement of the action of a drug by the administration of another drug
1➕ 1= 2
37
What is USP?
United States Pharmacopedia
38
What does idiosyncratic mean?
A unique response to a particular individual
39
What form is activated charcoal administered as?
A suspension
40
What does the abbreviation PRN stands for?
"as needed"
41
What is in iatrogenic response?
An adverse condition induced by the treatment given
| UTI after catheter
42
What is assay?
An analysis of the drug itself to evaluate its potency
43
What is bioassay?
Procedure to determine the concentration, purity, and or biological activity of a substance by measuring it's effect on an organism.
44
What are two techniques to analyze contents of a drug?
Assay
| Bioassay
45
What are two types of receptors?
Nicotinic
| Muscarinic
46
What is a neuromuscular junction?
Where nerves and muscles meet.
47
Where do nicotinic receptors function at?
Neuromuscular junctions is somatic muscles
48
What two things are nicotinic receptors triggered by?
Acetylcholine
| Nicotine
49
What two things are muscarinic receptors triggered by?
Acetylcholine
| Muscarine
50
What effects do nicotinic receptors cause?
Overstimulation of sympathetic nervous system
| Tachycardia, hypertension, twitching
51
What effect does muscarinic receptors cause?
Overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
| sweating, blurred vision, vomiting, shortness of breath
52
Will five drugs can be given endotracheal?
```
Narcan
Atropine
Vasopressor
Epinephrine
Lidocaine
```
53
What is bioavailability?
How much of a drug is still active when it reaches its target organ
54
What is the first pass effect?
All blood coming from the G.I. tract passes through the liver before moving to other parts of the body
55
What are analgesics?
Maps that relieve pain
56
What do opioid agonist do?
Bind do opiate receptors
57
What are three kinds of opioid agonist?
Morphine
Fentanyl
Heroine
58
What do non-opioid analgesics do?
Alter production of protaglandins and cyclooxygenase
59
What are three kinds of non-opioid analgesics?
Salicylates
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Para-aminophenol derivatives
60
What is an example of a salicylate?
Aspirin
61
What is an example of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug?
Ibuprofen
62
What is an example of a para-aminophenol derivative?
Acetaminophen
63
What are opioid antagonist?
Reverse the effects of opiates by binding with opiate receptors
64
What is an example of an opioid antagonist?
Naloxone
65
What is an opioid agonist-antagonist?
Have agonist and antagonist properties
| Reduce pain but do not cause dependents or respiratory depression
66
What is an example of an opioid agonist antagonist?
Suboxone
67
What are anesthetics?
Drugs intended to induce loss of sensation
68
What are two drugs that are anesthetics?
Lidocaine
| Epidural
69
What kind of drug is Versed (diazepam)?
Benzodiazepine
70
What kind of drug is morphine?
Opioid
71
What kind of drug is etomidate?
Non barbiturate hypnotic
72
What do benzodiazepines do?
Slow brain activity
| commonly used before invasive procedure
73
What are two examples of benzodiazepines?
Diazepam (Valium)
| Midazolam (Versed)
74
What is a barbiturate?
Works like benzo's to slow brain activity
75
What is an example of a barbiturate?
Thiopental
76
What are non-barbiturate hypnotics?
Work like benzodiazepines and barbiturates but fewer side effects
77
What are two examples of non-barbiturate hypnotics?
Etomidate
| Propofol
78
What are two examples of anti-convulsants?
```
Valporic acid (Depakote)
Dilantin
```
79
What four problems can benzodiazepam and barbiturates be used for?
Anxiety
Sedation
Sleep disorder
Convulsion
80
What do central nervous system stimulants do?
Increase the release of dopamine and norepinephrine to increase wakefulness and awareness
81
What four things in central nervous system stimulants cause?
Tachycardia
Hyperpretension
Seizures
Psychosis
82
What are three examples of CNS stimulants?
Amphetamines
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Cocaine
83
What is Ritalin also called?
Methylphenidate
84
What do psychotherapeutic drugs do?
Block dopamine receptors in the brain
85
What are two main types of psychotherapeutic drugs?
Antipsychotic agents
| Antidepressants
86
What are two examples of antipsychotic agents?
Phenothiazine
| Butyrophenon derivatives
87
What are three examples of antidepressants?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Trycyclic antidepressants
88
What are three types of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors? (SSRI)
Prosac
Zoloft
Paxil
89
What do anti-cholinergic medications do? (parasympatholytics)
Block acetylcholine from the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
90
What is an example of a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist?
Atropine
91
What do neuromuscular blocking agents do?
Drugs the blog at the neuromuscular junction
92
What are two examples of neuromuscular blocking agents?
Succinylcholine
| Pancuronium
93
Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate what two types of receptors?
Dopaminergic receptors
| Adrenergic receptors
94
What are four types of Adrenergic receptors?
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2
95
What is a common suffix for beta blockers?
-olol
96
What are four types of antiarrhythmic medications?
Sodium channel blockers
Beta blockers
Potassium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers
97
What are two kinds of diuretics?
Thiazides
| Loop diuretics
98
What do thiazides do?
Control the sodium and water quantities excreted by the kidneys
99
What do Loop diuretics do?
Lower the concentration of sodium and calcium ions in the body
100
What is an example of a loop diuretic?
Lasix
101
What is an example of a vasodilator medication?
Nitroglycerin
102
What is an example of antiplatelet agents?
Aspirin
103
What is an example of an anti-coagulant drug?
Coumadin
104
What do fibrinolytic agents do?
Dissolve clots
105
What is an example of a fibrinolytic agent?
TPA
106
What are two classifications of Acetylsalicylic acid? (ASA-aspirin)
Antithrombic
| Antipyretic
107
What is the formula for converting lbs to kg?
Lbs / 2.2 = kg
Of multiply lbs by .45
108
What is the formula for finding the concentration of a drug?
Weight/volume=weight per ml of drug
109
What is the formula for the amount of drug to be administered?
Desired dose/ concentration of drug= volumed to administered
110
What is the formula for finding the drip rates of a drug?
(Desired dose/ concentration) X GTTS/cc= drops per min of drug
111
What is the principle neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
112
What are the two principle neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system?
Epinephrine
| Norepinephrine
113
The absorption, digestion, metabolism, and excretion of a medication deals primarily with what?
Pharmacokinetics
114
The mechanism of action of a drug deals primarily with what?
Pharmacodynamics
115
What is the main way drugs are eliminated by?
Urine
116
How long should the needle be and what gauge should you use for subcutaneous injections?
.5inch-1inch
22-24 gauge
117
How long should the needle be and what gauge should you use for intramuscular injections?
1-1.5inch
18 gauge
118
What risk level do you have if there is a large therapeutic index?
Low risk
119
What is the most common reason to give IVs?
Give fluids
120
How much medication should you administer endotracheally?
2-2.5 times the IV dose
121
Alpha 1 and beta 1 deal primarily with what?
The heart
122
Alpha 2 and beta 2 deal primarily with what?
The lungs
123
What do alpha receptors do?
Vasoconstriction
124
What do beta receptors do?
Vasodilation
125
What are the four major sources that medications have been identified from?
Plants
Animals/humans
Minerals
Chemical/synthetic products
