Human Systems Flashcards
What is Physiology?
The study of the body functions in a living organism
What is Pathophysiology?
The study of body functions of a living organism in an abnormal state
What are the five body cavities?
Cranial Spinal Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic
What is the coronal (frontal) plane?
A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.
What is the sagittal (lateral) plane?
A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.
What is the transverse (axial) plane?
A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts
What is diffusion?
The movement of solutes (particles) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
HIGH TO LOW
What is osmosis?
The movement of a solvent (usually water) from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
LOW TO HIGH
What is facilitated diffusion?
The process in which a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of the cell; energy is not required
NO ENERGY NEEDED
What is active transport?
The movement of a substance against their concentration or gradient; requires energy
NEED ENERGY TO MOVE
What is anabolism?
Building phase of metabolism, where smaller molecules are converted to larger molecules
SMALL TO BIG
What is catabolism?
The break-down phase of metabolism, in which larger molecules are converted to smaller molecules
BIG TO SMALL
What does cellular respiration create?
Energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What are the four lobes of the brain called?
Frontal (in the front)
Parietal (behind frontal)
Occipital (in the back)
Temporal (on the sides under parietal)
What four things does the frontal lobe control?
Voluntary motor action
Conscious thought
Personality
Speech
What four things does the parietal lobe control?
Language
Taste
Sensory info
Body awareness
What does the occipital lobe control?
Vision
What two things does the temporal lobe control?
Hearing
Memory
What does the cerebrum control?
Higher thought processes
What two things does the cerebellum control?
Muscle movement
Balance
What two things does the diencephalon contain?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
What three things does the thalamus do?
Processes sensory input
Influences mood
General body movements
What two things does the hypothalamus do?
Regulates body temperature, respiration, and heartbeat
Directs hormone secretions of the pituitary gland
What three things does the brainstem consist of?
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Pons
Medulla
What two things does the brain stem do?
Controls functions necessary for life
Plays a roll in consciousness
The CNS (brain and spinal chord) is enclosed by what?
Meninges
What are the three layers of the meninges?
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
The outer most and toughest layer of the meninges is called what?
Dura mater
What is the middle layer of the meninges that contain spider webs of blood vessel?
Arachnoid
What is the inner layer of the meninges that rests on the brain and spinal chord?
Pia Mater
What do afferent tracts of the spinal chord do?
Carry sensory info from the body to the brain
ASCENDING FIBERS
What do efferent tracts of the spinal chord do?
Carry motor impulses from the brain to the peripheral nervous system
DESCENDING FIBERS
What two neurotransmitters do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system secrete?
Either acetylcholine or norepinephrine
What is a neuron that secretes acetylcholine?
Cholinergic fiber
What is a neuron that secretes norepinepherine?
Adrenergic Fiber
What three things does the pancreas produce?
Digestive enzymes
Insulin
Glucagon
In the pancreas, what specialized groups of cells produce insulin and glucagon?
Islets of Langerhans
At the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, what do alpha cell secrete?
Glucagon
At the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, what do beta cells secrete?
Insulin
What two things do the adrenal glands manufacture and secrete?
Manufacture and secrete sex hormones and certain hormones that are vital in maintaining body’s salt and water balance
What is the middle part of the adrenal glands called?
Medulla
In adrenal glands, what two things does the medulla produce?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine