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Paramedic 01 > Human Systems > Flashcards

Human Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The study of the body functions in a living organism

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2
Q

What is Pathophysiology?

A

The study of body functions of a living organism in an abnormal state

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3
Q

What are the five body cavities?

A 
Cranial
Spinal
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
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4
Q

What is the coronal (frontal) plane?

A

A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.

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5
Q

What is the sagittal (lateral) plane?

A

A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.

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6
Q

What is the transverse (axial) plane?

A

A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of solutes (particles) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

HIGH TO LOW

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8
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of a solvent (usually water) from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

LOW TO HIGH

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9
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The process in which a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of the cell; energy is not required

NO ENERGY NEEDED

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10
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of a substance against their concentration or gradient; requires energy

NEED ENERGY TO MOVE

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11
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building phase of metabolism, where smaller molecules are converted to larger molecules

SMALL TO BIG

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12
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The break-down phase of metabolism, in which larger molecules are converted to smaller molecules

BIG TO SMALL

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13
Q

What does cellular respiration create?

A

Energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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14
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain called?

A

Frontal (in the front)
Parietal (behind frontal)
Occipital (in the back)
Temporal (on the sides under parietal)

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15
Q

What four things does the frontal lobe control?

A

Voluntary motor action
Conscious thought
Personality
Speech

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16
Q

What four things does the parietal lobe control?

A

Language
Taste
Sensory info
Body awareness

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17
Q

What does the occipital lobe control?

A

Vision

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18
Q

What two things does the temporal lobe control?

A

Hearing

Memory

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19
Q

What does the cerebrum control?

A

Higher thought processes

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20
Q

What two things does the cerebellum control?

A

Muscle movement

Balance

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21
Q

What two things does the diencephalon contain?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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22
Q

What three things does the thalamus do?

A

Processes sensory input
Influences mood
General body movements

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23
Q

What two things does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates body temperature, respiration, and heartbeat

Directs hormone secretions of the pituitary gland

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24
Q

What three things does the brainstem consist of?

A

Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Pons
Medulla

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25
What two things does the brain stem do?
Controls functions necessary for life | Plays a roll in consciousness
26
The CNS (brain and spinal chord) is enclosed by what?
Meninges
27
What are the three layers of the meninges?
Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater
28
The outer most and toughest layer of the meninges is called what?
Dura mater
29
What is the middle layer of the meninges that contain spider webs of blood vessel?
Arachnoid
30
What is the inner layer of the meninges that rests on the brain and spinal chord?
Pia Mater
31
What do afferent tracts of the spinal chord do?
Carry sensory info from the body to the brain ASCENDING FIBERS
32
What do efferent tracts of the spinal chord do?
Carry motor impulses from the brain to the peripheral nervous system DESCENDING FIBERS
33
What two neurotransmitters do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system secrete?
Either acetylcholine or norepinephrine
34
What is a neuron that secretes acetylcholine?
Cholinergic fiber
35
What is a neuron that secretes norepinepherine?
Adrenergic Fiber
36
What three things does the pancreas produce?
Digestive enzymes Insulin Glucagon
37
In the pancreas, what specialized groups of cells produce insulin and glucagon?
Islets of Langerhans
38
At the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, what do alpha cell secrete?
Glucagon
39
At the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, what do beta cells secrete?
Insulin
40
What two things do the adrenal glands manufacture and secrete?
Manufacture and secrete sex hormones and certain hormones that are vital in maintaining body’s salt and water balance
41
What is the middle part of the adrenal glands called?
Medulla
42
In adrenal glands, what two things does the medulla produce?
Epinephrine | Norepinephrine
43
In the adrenal gland, what does the hormone "mineralocorticoids" do?
Balances salt and water levels
44
In adrenal glands, what three things does the hormone "Glucocorticoids" do?
Regulation of blood glucose Metabolism of fat Inhibition of inflammation
45
What are red blood cells also called?
Erythrocytes
46
What are white blood cells also called?
Leukocyctes
47
What is the mediastinum?
The space between the lungs in the center of the chest
48
What is the pericardium?
A thick, fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart
49
What two things does the pericardium do?
Anchors heart in the mediastinum, | Prevents over distention of the heart
50
What is the serous pericardium?
Inner membrane of the pericardium
51
What are two layers of the serous pericardium?
Visceral layer | Parietal layer
52
Where is the tricuspid valve located in the heart?
Between the right atrium and right ventricle
53
Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located in the heart?
Between the left atrial and left ventricle
54
Where is the pulmonary valve located in the heart?
Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
55
Where is the aortic valve located in the heart?
Between the left ventricle and the aorta
56
When does systole occur?
When the heart contracts and pumps blood from the heart valves and into the arteries
57
When does diastole occur?
When the heart relaxes and fills up with blood
58
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in one minute
59
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood ejected from the heart per contraction
60
Stroke volume times Heart rate equals?
Cardiac output
61
What is Starlings law of the heart?
The length of the fibers of the myocardium determines the force of the heartbeat. An increase in diastolic filling equals an increase in the force of the heartbeat.
62
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three lobes
63
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes
64
What membrane of connective tissues covers the lungs
Viscera pleura
65
What covers the viscera pleura (pleura cavity) of the lungs?
Parietal pleura
66
Where is the respiratory center located?
In the medulla
67
What is the main stimulation of respiration?
Accumulation of carbon dioxide
68
What three things make up the large intestine?
Cecum Colon Rectum
69
What is intracellular fluid?
Fluid found within the cell that is potassium rich
70
What is extracellular fluid?
Fluid outside the cells that is sodium rich
71
What do epithelial tissue do?
Lines all tubes in the body
72
What are four structures of the dermis
Sweat glands Hair follicles Blood vessels Specialized nerve endings
73
What word means the functional unit of an organ?
Parenchyma | Parenchyma of the lungs is alveoli (Of cardiac system is the heart muscle)
74
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another "target" neuron
75
What two structural and functional categories are Adrenergic receptors classified as?
Alpha and Beta
76
What effect does alpha 1 particles have regarding adrenergic receptors?
Vasoconstriction
77
What effect does alpha 2 particles have regarding adrenergic receptors?
Vasodilation
78
What effect does beta 1 particles have regarding adrenergic receptors?
Cardiac stimulation
79
What effect does beta 2 particles have regarding adrenergic receptors?
Bronchodilation
80
What does glucagon do?
Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
81
What is hemostasis?
The cessation of bleeding
82
When is the enzyme thrombin formed?
When a blood vessel is injured
83
What happens when thrombin is formed?
Fibrinogen turns to fibrin, causing a mature clot
84
What is automaticity?
Ability of heart to generate impulse without any stimulus
85
What makes heart sounds?
Closing of valves in heart (Mitral+tricuspid at systole Aortic and pulmonic at diastole)
86
What artery carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
87
What vein carries oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary vein
88
What is another word for hypoperfusion?
Shock
89
What are the four kinds of shock?
Hypovolemic Distributive Cardiogenic Obstructive
90
Where is the division of the upper and lower airway?
At the glottis
91
Why does the left lung have two lobes?
The heart takes up space
92
What is it called when falling oxygen levels stimulate breathing?
Hypoxic drive
93
What do antidiuretic hormone do?
Prevent you from peeing all the time
94
What is the ph of blood?
7.35-7.45
95
What is a buffer?
Compound that repeatedly neutralizes excess acids or bases
96
What system is the fastest way to get rid of access acid?
Respiratory system
97
What is the order of the cardiac conduction system? (5)
``` Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Bundle of his Right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibers ```
98
What is the term for having a stiff neck?
Nuchal rigidity
99
What are the three layers of a blood vessel?
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventita
100
What is the inner most layer of the blood vessels?
Tunica intima
101
What is the middle layer of the blood vessel?
Tunica media
102
What is the outer layer of the blood vessel?
Tunica adventitia
103
When does coronary circulation occur in the heart?
During the diastolic phase
104
What is the formula for measuring blood pressure?
BP= cardiac output ✖️ SVR (systemic vascular resistance)
105
What is Anatomy?
The study of the structure of an organism and its parts.

Paramedic 01 (31 decks)

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