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Pharma Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

پنیسیلین و ایزونیتزید کمبود ویتامین

A

B6

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2
Q

فوتوتراپی کمبود ویتامین

A

B2

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3
Q

متفورمین کمبود ویتامین

A

B12

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4
Q

افزایش اثر وارفارین در رقیق کردن خون
آنتی‌بیوتیک

A

Clarithromycin

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5
Q

Other name of B6

A

Pyridoxine

Bp

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6
Q

Other name of B1

A

Thiamin

Th1amin

Deficiency in just eating polished rice

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7
Q

Other name of B2

A

Riboflavin

Ri2oflavin

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8
Q

Other name of B3

A

Niacin

Nia3in

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9
Q

Other name of B5

A

Pantothenic acid

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10
Q

Other name of B7

A

Biotin

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11
Q

Other name of B9

A

Folate (folic acid)

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12
Q

Other name of B12

A

Cobalamin

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13
Q

Other name of warfarin

A

Coumadin

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14
Q

Which drug associated with oral candidiasis

A

Inhaled Corticosteroids

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15
Q

Vaccine CI (white) egg allergy

A

1) Yellow fever is contraindicated for people who have a history of a severe (anaphylactic) allergy to eggs. 2) ACIP revised its guidance on influenza vaccination of persons with egg allergy in 2018.

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16
Q

Ventolin generic name

A

GENERIC NAME: ALBUTEROL (SALBUTAMOL) INHALER - ORAL

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17
Q

Olopatadine

A

Olopatadine, sold under the brand name Opatanol among others, is a medication used to decrease the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis. It is used as eye drops or as a nasal spray. The eye drops generally result in an improvement within half an hour

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18
Q

Cholestyramine

A

is used to 🌟lower high cholesterol levels in the blood. This may help prevent medical problems caused by cholesterol clogging the blood vessels. Cholestyramine is also used 🌟to remove substances called bile acids from your body

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19
Q

Colomifen

A

Clomifene, also known as clomiphene, is a medication used to treat infertility in women who do not ovulate, including those with polycystic ovary syndrome. Use results in a greater chance of twins. It is taken by mouth once a day, with a course of treatment that usually lasts for 5 days

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20
Q

Small papil in wich drug?

A

Opoid

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21
Q

Common SI of TCA

A

Weight gain

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22
Q

Which anticoagulant need diet adjust

A

Vitamin K aids clotting, so patients on the anti-clotting drug (or “anticoagulant”) warfarin are often warned by their physicians to limit the amount of foods rich in the nutrient. These foods include green vegetables such as spinach, kale, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts and many others

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23
Q

Penicillin allergy alternative

A

Tetracyclines (e.g. doxycycline), quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin), macrolides (e.g. clarithromycin), aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin) and glycopeptides (e.g. vancomycin) are all unrelated to penicillins and are safe to use in the penicillin allergic patient

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24
Q

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor?
Drug interaction?

A

The four major PDE5 inhibitors are sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), vardenafil (Levitra), and avanafil (Stendra).

❌Nitrates

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25
Q

Atrophine SI

A

Common side effects of atropine sulfate include:
dry mouth,
blurred vision,
sensitivity to light,
lack of sweating,
dizziness,
nausea,
loss of balance,
hypersensitivity reactions (such as skin rash)

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26
Q

Antidote of organophosphate poisoning

A

Atropine competitively blocks the effects of acetylcholine, including excess acetylcholine due to organophosphorus poisoning, at muscarinic cholinergic receptors on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, secretory gland cells, and in peripheral autonomic ganglia and the central nervous system

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27
Q

Drugs use in mentainence treatment of opoid dependence

A

Methadone
Nalotroxene

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28
Q

Lithium SI

A

feeling sick (nausea)
diarrhoea.
a dry mouth and/or a metallic taste in the mouth.
feeling thirsty and needing to drink more and pee more than usual.💯
slight shaking of the hands (mild tremor)
feeling tired or sleepy.
weight gain (this is likely to be very gradual)

💯due to resistance to effect of desmopressin on kidneys and reduced concentrating abilities

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29
Q

Which injection is used to remove excessive iron from the body?

A

Deferoxamine injection is used to remove excess iron from the body in anemia or thalassemia patients who have many blood transfusions. It is also used with other medicines to treat acute iron poisoning, especially in small children. Deferoxamine combines with iron in the blood

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30
Q

ssri mechanism of action

A

As the name suggests, SSRIs exert action by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, thereby increasing serotonin activity. Unlike other classes of antidepressants, SSRIs have little effect on other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine or norepinephrine

Increase the availibility of serotonin

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31
Q

Aspirin toxicity mechanism on liver

A

Aspirin can cause several forms of liver injury: in high doses, aspirin can cause moderate to marked serum aminotransferase elevations occasionally with jaundice or signs of liver dysfunction, and in lower doses in susceptible children with a febrile illness aspirin can lead to Reye syndrome
Denaturation of mitochondrial enzymes

32
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic medication often used to treat high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid build up. Other uses include treating **diabetes insipidus and ***renal tubular acidosis and to **decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine
12.5 mg
25 mg

33
Q

Retin-A gel for acne on face SI
Isotertinoin

A

Sensitivity to sunlight exposure

34
Q

Ondansetrone

A

Ondansetron, sold under the brand name Zofran among others, is a medication used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery. It is also effective for treating gastroenteritis. It can be given by mouth or by injection into a muscle or into a vein

35
Q

Vasopressin

A

Vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized from the AVP gene as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP
old name petressin

36
Q

Comatose man with cherry red skin poison

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning

37
Q

Clozapine

A

Clozapine is a psychiatric medication and is the first atypical antipsychotic. It is primarily used to treat people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders who have had an inadequate response to other antipsychotics or who have been unable to tolerate other drugs due to extrapyramidal side effects.
💯 Clozapine has been shown to prolong the QTc interval in a dose-dependent fashion; however, clinically significant prolongation is rare

38
Q

Antidote of acetaminophen (paracetamol)

A

N acetyl cysteine

39
Q

OCP mechanism

A

For the combined oral contraceptives and progestin-only methods, the main mechanism of action are the inhibition of follicular development, ovulation, and as consequence, corpus luteum formation. Further, it is also involved in the alteration of the cervical mucus that inhibit sperm penetration

40
Q

Fluoroquinolones are a class of

A

Fluoroquinolones are a class of antibiotics approved to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections. The fluoroquinolone antibiotics include 1.ciprofloxacin (Cipro), 2.gemifloxacin (Factive), 3.levofloxacin (Levaquin), 4.moxifloxacin (Avelox), and 5.ofloxacin (Floxin)
💯 Fluoroquinolones are to be used with caution in pregnancy. Both ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin have been assigned pregnancy category C by the FDA (fetal risk is not confirmed by human studies but has been shown in some animal studies)

41
Q

What drug makes cholecystitis worse

A

Morphine

42
Q

Quit smoking drug

A

Bupropion, sold under the brand names Wellbutrin and Zyban among others, is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and to support smoking cessation

43
Q

Drugs contraindicated during breastfeeding

A

Drugs contraindicated during breastfeeding include anticancer drugs, lithium, oral retinoids, iodine, amiodarone and gold salts. An understanding of the principles underlying the transfer into breast milk is important, as is an awareness of the potential adverse effects on the infant

44
Q

Clindamycin papular SI

A

The following reactions have been reported with the use of clindamycin. Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, pseudomembranous colitis, esophagitis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibacterial treatment.

Clostridium difficile toxin in stool

45
Q

Methylergometrine

A

Methylergometrine, also known as methylergonovine and sold under the brand name Methergine, is a medication of the ergoline and lysergamide groups which is used as an oxytocic in obstetrics and in the treatment of migraine.

Methylergonovine is used to prevent and control bleeding from the uterus that can happen after childbirth. It belongs to the class of medicines called ergot alkaloids. This medicine works by acting directly on the smooth muscles of the uterus and prevents bleeding after giving birth

46
Q

When CI to give methergin post partum

A

Methylergonovine use is contraindicated in patients with hypertension. Intravenous administration of methylergonovine should not be used routinely because of the possibility of inducing sudden hypertensive crisis and cerebrovascular accidents (stroke).

47
Q

Streptokinase

A

Streptokinase is a thrombolytic medication and enzyme. As a medication it is used to break down clots in some cases of myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and arterial thromboembolism. The type of heart attack it is used in is an ST elevation myocardial infarction. It is given by injection into a vein

48
Q

tPA

A

Tissue plasminogen activator

tPA is a thrombolytic (i.e., it breaks up blood clots) formed by aggregation of activated platelets into fibrin meshes by activating plasminogen. More specifically, it cleaves the zymogen plasminogen at its Arg561-Val562 peptide bond to form plasmin, a serine protease

rtPA is superior to streptokinase for coronary artery recanalization and reduction of mortality, probably because of the differential fibrin-selectivity of these agents

49
Q

Phentolamine

A

Phentolamine is a synthetic imidazoline with alpha-adrenergic antagonist activity. As a competitive alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine binds to alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors, resulting in a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and vasodilatation.

It is used to treat hypertensive crises attributable to the effects of noradrenaline, as in pheochromocytoma and during the interaction of monoamine oxidase inhibitors with amine-containing medicaments and foods

50
Q

Sptrin

A

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, sold under the brand name Bactrim among others, is a fixed-dose combination antibiotic medication used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It consists of one part trimethoprim to five parts sulfamethoxazole

Septrin Forte can be used to treat: urinary bladder or urinary tract infections (water infections). respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis. ear infections such as otitis media.

51
Q

Sptrin CI

A

diarrhea from an infection with Clostridium difficile bacteria
a condition with low thyroid hormone levels
low blood sugar
inadequate folic acid
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
low amount of sodium in the blood
high levels of potassium in the blood
porphyria
anemia from inadequate folic acid
decreased blood platelets

52
Q

Which medications can lower potassium levels?

A

Diuretics like furosemide, bumetanide, hydrochlorothiazide, and chlorthalidone are the main medication-related cause of low potassium levels. These medications are commonly used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and lower extremity swelling. Potassium follows water out of your kidneys to your bladder when your make urine—so diuretics, which increase urination, may lower your potassium levels.

Albuterol, used in asthma inhalers like Proair, Proventil, and their generics may lower your potassium levels. Albuterol stimulates your body to release more insulin, which takes potassium out of your bloodstream and puts it into your cells, essentially lowering the amount of potassium circulating in your system. Know that nebulizer treatments lower potassium levels even more than inhalers.

Insulin drugs at high doses may lower potassium levels in the blood by shifting potassium from your bloodstream into your cells.

Sudafed (pseudoephedrine) is available over the counter as a decongestant. It also pushes potassium out of your bloodstream and into your cells.

Laxatives and enemas at high doses can cause a loss of potassium in your stool. It’s worse if they cause diarrhea.

Risperdal (risperidone) and Seroquel (quetiapine) are antipsychotic medications that may cause hypokalemia, but it’s a rare complication.

53
Q

rifampin drug interactions

A

Studies and case reports have demonstrated that rifampin accelerates the metabolism of several drugs, including oral anticoagulants, oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, digitoxin, quinidine, methadone, hypoglycemics, and barbiturates.

54
Q

Adenosine

A

Adenosine is a chemical found in human cells. There are three different forms: adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenosine blocks electrical signals in the heart that cause irregular heart rhythms.

Adenosine has uses as both a diagnostic or therapeutic agent. As a diagnostic agent, adenosine can be utilized in myocardial perfusion stress imaging due to its vasodilatory effects. As a therapeutic agent, adenosine can be used due to its antiarrhythmic properties in supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)

55
Q

Desmopressin

A

Desmopressin, sold under the trade name DDAVP among others, is a medication used to treat diabetes insipidus, bedwetting, hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, and high blood urea levels. In hemophilia A and von Willebrand disease, it should only be used for mild to moderate cases

Desmopressin exerts its haemostatic effect by: Inducing synthesis of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) by endothelial cells. Stimulating release of the VWF from its storage sites in endothelial cells. Cleaving the large VWF multimers circulating in plasma into smaller multimers

56
Q

Glipizide

A

Glipizide belongs to a class of drugs called sulfonylureas. It stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas, directing your body to store blood sugar. This helps lower blood sugar and restore the way you use food to make energy

57
Q

sulfonylureas

A

Sulfonylureas are a group of medicines used to treat type 2 diabetes. With type 2 diabetes, the body doesn’t use the hormone insulin properly, leading to elevated levels of blood sugar (glucose). The first sulfonylureas were developed in the 1950s. The drugs work by increasing the release of insulin from the pancreas

Examples of Sulfonylureas: Glimepiride (Amaryl) Glyburide (DiaBeta; Micronase) Glipizide (Glucotrol)

58
Q

INH SE

A

Common side effects may include: numbness, tingling, or burning pain in your hands or feet

Pyridoxine is another name for vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 is used to prevent numbing and tingling of the hands or feet sometimes caused by isoniazid or other TB medicines

Pyridoxine (C8H11NO3) is used in all tuberculosis regimens. The purpose is to prevent the possibility of INH induced peripheral neuropathy. The dose of pyridoxine needed is recommended to be 10 mg daily.

59
Q

Tetanus vaccine

A

CDC recommends tetanus vaccines for people of all ages
Babies and young children should get five shots of DTaP between the ages of 2 months and 6 years. Children 6 years old and younger who should not get whooping cough vaccines can receive DT for protection against diphtheria and tetanus

If the injured person hasn’t had a tetanus shot in the past five years and the wound is deep or dirty, your doctor may recommend a booster. The injured person should have the booster shot within 48 hours of the injury.

A booster shot should be given within 48 hours of an injury to people whose immunization is out of date. For people with high-risk injuries who are not fully immunized, tetanus antitoxin may also be recommended

Tetanus immunoglobulin provides immediate protection that lasts for 3–4 weeks. Give tetanus immunoglobulin by intramuscular injection as soon as practicable after the injury. The recommended dose of tetanus immunoglobulin is: 250 IU if ≤24 hours since injury

60
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Chloramphenicol treats various infections caused by susceptible strains of S. yphi, H. influenzae, E. coli, Neisseria species, Staphylococcus and Streptococcusspecies, Rickettsia, lymphogranuloma-psittacosis group of organisms, and other bacteria that cause bacteremia (bacteria in blood) and meningitis.

Common side effects of chloramphenicol include:
not enough red blood cells produced (aplastic anemia)
bone marrow suppression.
diarrhea.
inflammation of the small intestine and the colon (enterocolitis)
accumulation of chloramphenicol especially in newborns (gray syndrome)
headache.
nausea.
nightmares

61
Q

Methimazole

A

Methimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. It is also used before thyroid surgery or radioactive iodine treatment. Methimazole is an antithyroid medicine. It works by making it harder for the body to make thyroid hormone

Methimazole may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
skin rash.
itching.
abnormal hair loss.
upset stomach.
vomiting.
loss of taste.
abnormal sensations (tingling, prickling, burning, tightness, and pulling)
swelling.

In very rare situations, methimazole can temporarily lower the number of white blood cells in your blood, which increases the chance of getting an infection. It can also lower the number of platelets, which are necessary for proper blood clotting

62
Q

Niacin drug

A

Niacin is used with diet changes (restriction of cholesterol and fat intake) to reduce the amount of cholesterol (a fat-like substance) and other fatty substances in your blood and to increase the amount of high density lipoprotein (HDL; ‘‘good cholesterol’’).

High doses of niacin available via prescription can cause:
Severe skin flushing combined with dizziness.
Rapid heartbeat.
Itching.
Nausea and vomiting.
Abdominal pain.
Diarrhea.
Gout.
Liver damage.

63
Q

Vit c deficiency

A

In developed countries, vitamin C deficiency can occur as part of general undernutrition, but severe deficiency (causing scurvy) is uncommon. Symptoms include fatigue, depression, and connective tissue defects (eg, gingivitis, petechiae, rash, internal bleeding, impaired wound healing).

64
Q

Olanzapine

A

Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. For schizophrenia, it can be used for both new-onset disease and long-term maintenance. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle

SE: Drowsiness, dizziness, lightheadedness, stomach upset, dry mouth, constipation, increased appetite, or weight gain, hyperphagia, weight gain and acute hyperglycaemia

65
Q

Respridone

A

Risperidone, sold under the brand name Risperdal among others, is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It is taken either by mouth or by injection. The injectable versions are long-acting and last for 2-4 weeks

66
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

is a medication used to treat myasthenia gravis and underactive bladder. It is also used together with atropine to end the effects of neuromuscular blocking medication of the non-depolarizing type. It is typically given by mouth but can also be used by injection

67
Q

Capsofungin

A

Caspofungin injection is used to treat serious fungal infections, including candidemia (fungal infection in the blood), esophageal candidiasis (fungal infection of the esophagus), other candida infections, and aspergillosis (fungal infection in the lungs).

68
Q

Metformin

A

Metformin, sold under the brand name Glucophage, among others, is the main first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight. It is also used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. It is not associated with weight gain and is taken by mouth

The centre of metformin’s mechanism of action is the alteration of the energy metabolism of the cell. Metformin exerts its prevailing, glucose-lowering effect by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and opposing the action of glucagon

main actions are the suppression of gluconeogenesis and the improvement of glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity.

69
Q

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor
Class of drugs

A

DPP-4 inhibitors work by blocking the action of DPP-4, an enzyme which destroys the hormone incretin. Incretins help the body produce more insulin only when it is needed and reduce the amount of glucose being produced by the liver when it is not needed.

DPP-4 inhibitors are a class of prescription medicines that are used with diet and exercise to control high blood sugar in adults with type 2 diabetes. Medicines in the DPP-4 inhibitor class include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin

70
Q

Metoclooramide

A

Metoclopramide is a medication used for stomach and esophageal problems. It is commonly used to treat and prevent nausea and vomiting, to help with emptying of the stomach in people with delayed stomach emptying, and to help with gastroesophageal reflux disease. It is also used to treat migraine headaches

Serious side effects
Depression and suicide. …
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (nervous system disorder). …
Tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder that can be permanent. …
Parkinsonism (symptoms similar to those caused by Parkinson’s disease). …
Allergic reaction. …
Hyperprolactinemia (increased levels of the hormone prolactin).

71
Q

Does calcium gluconate decrease potassium?

A

Intravenous calcium is effective in reversing electrocardiographic changes and reducing the risk of arrhythmias but does not lower serum potassium.

72
Q

Pt on methotroxate, what would be deficient

A

Folate

73
Q

fluoroquinolone

A

It inhibits DNA replication by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerase and DNA-gyrase

74
Q

Tacrolimus

A

is used together with other medicines to prevent the body from rejecting a transplanted organ (eg, kidney, liver, heart, or lung). This medicine may be used with steroids, azathioprine, basiliximab, or mycophenolate mofetil. Tacrolimus belongs to a group of medicines known as immunosuppressive agents.

Tacrolimus topical is used on the skin to treat moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in patients who have received other medicines that have not worked well. Atopic dermatitis is a skin condition where there is itching, redness, and inflammation, much like an allergic reaction. This drug works by weakening the skin’s defense (immune) system, thereby decreasing the allergic reaction and relieving the eczema. Tacrolimus belongs to a class of drugs known as topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs).

Compared with topical steroids, both 0.1% and 0.03% tacrolimus ointments were as effective as moderate potency steroids, and more effective than a combined steroid regimen. Also, tacrolimus was more effective than mild steroids.

75
Q

Causes of Mydriasis

A

BIG OATS جو دو سر

B- Belladona poisoning
گیاه شا‌بیزک توهم زا سمی
I- Internal ophtalmoplegia
فلج ماهیچه داخل آورنده
G- Glaucoma (ACG)

O- Oculomotor nerve plasy

A- Atropine

T- Tonic pupil

S- Sympathomimetics

Medical (22 decks)

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