Orology Flashcards
Earlier sign of puberty in male
Increase testicular size
Male impotence drugs
Phosphodiesterasr 5 inhibitor
Yohimbine
L-arginine
Leydig cells
Leydig cells (LC) are present in the testicular interstitial tissue, and their main function is to produce testosterone (T) for the maintenance of spermatogenesis and extratesticular androgenic and anabolic functions
Leydig cells are the primary source of testosterone or androgens in males. This physiology allows them to play a crucial role in many vital physiological processes in males, including sperm production or spermatogenesis, controlling sexual development, and maintaining secondary sexual characteristics and behaviors
Leydig cell tumors
comprise 1-3% of adult testicular neoplasms and 3% of testicular tumors in infants and children. These tumors can be pure or can be mixed with other sex cord-stromal or germ cell tumors. Leydig cell tumors are usually benign, but appproximately 10% are malignant
Symptomatic inguinal hernia ttt
Surgical repair is needed
Stress incontinence
Stress incontinence happens when physical movement or activity — such as coughing, laughing, sneezing, running or heavy lifting — puts pressure (stress) on your bladder, causing you to leak urine. Stress incontinence is not related to psychological stress
Behavior therapies may help you eliminate or lessen episodes of stress incontinence. The treatments your doctor recommends may include: Pelvic floor muscle exercises. Your provider or physical therapist can help you learn how to do Kegel exercises to strengthen your pelvic floor muscles and urinary sphincter
Urge incontinence
Urge incontinence occurs when you have a sudden urge to urinate. In urge incontinence, the urinary bladder contracts when it shouldn’t, causing some urine to leak through the sphincter muscles holding the bladder closed. Other names for this condition are: overactive bladder (OAB) bladder spasms
Anticholinergics. These medications can calm an overactive bladder and may be helpful for urge incontinence. Examples include
(1)oxybutynin (Ditropan XL), (2)tolterodine (Detrol), (3)darifenacin (Enablex), (4)fesoterodine (Toviaz), (5)solifenacin (Vesicare) and (6)trospium chloride.
✳️ Vasicoselective drugs. Oxybutynin This recently introduced antimuscarinic has high affinity for receptors in urinary bladder and salivary glands with additional smooth muscle relaxant and local anaesthetic properties. It is relatively selective for M1/M3 subtypes than for M2✳️ acts to relax the bladder by inhibiting the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle, and not skeletal muscle. The active of oxybutynin is metabolite is N-desethyloxybutynin. It competitively inhibits the postganglionic type 1, 2 and 3 muscarinic receptors.
Transitional cell carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma, also called urothelial carcinoma, is a type of cancer that typically occurs in the urinary system. It is the most common type of bladder cancer and cancer of the ureter, urethra, and urachus. It accounts for 95% of bladder cancer cases.
High-grade TCC is the type of bladder cancer that is more likely to be life-threatening. Because transitional cells line many different parts of your urinary tract system, you can sometimes develop tumors in more than one place
curable in more than 90% of patients if they are superficial and confined to the renal pelvis or ureter
Symp: They include blood in the urine and pain in your back, between the lower ribs, and the top of your hip bone.
BPH def? ttt?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia—also called BPH—is a condition in men in which the prostate gland is enlarged and not cancerous. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or benign prostatic obstruction. The prostate goes through two main growth periods as a man ages.
The gold standard for the management of BPH is surgical treatment by transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). However, in older adults, medical therapy is preferred to surgical intervention when possible
Alpha blockers are recommended as first-line treatment for BPH, ❌except for prazosin (Minipress) and phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline), which lack data to support their use❌ and, therefore, are not recommended. The 5-alpha reductase inhibitors are only recommended in men with documented prostate enlargement
Indirect inguinal hernias
are the most common type of groin hernia. Indirect inguinal hernias occur when abdominal content such as fat or bowel pushes down along the inguinal canal. What is the inguinal canal? It is the tunnel through which a man’s vas deferens and testicular vessels travel down into the scrotum
Indirect inguinal hernias occur when abdominal contents protrude through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels; this may be caused by failure of embryonic closure of the processus vaginalis
Cause of infertility in men work in battery manufacturing
Lead
Prolapse uterus
Uterine prolapse occurs when pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch and weaken and no longer provide enough support for the uterus. As a result, the uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina. Uterine prolapse can occur in women of any age.
A prolapse is not life threatening, but it can cause pain and discomfort. Symptoms can usually be improved with pelvic floor exercises and lifestyle changes, but sometimes medical treatment is needed. Your doctor might recommend surgery to repair uterine prolapse. Minimally invasive (laparoscopic) or vaginal surgery might be an option. Surgery can involve: Repair of weakened pelvic floor tissues
Symp:
Leakage of urine.
Inability to completely empty your bladder.
Feeling of heaviness or fullness in your pelvis.
Bulging in your vagina.
Lower-back pain.
Aching, or the feeling of pressure, in your lower abdomen or pelvis.
Constipation.
A diagnosis of uterine prolapse generally occurs during a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam your doctor is likely to ask you: To bear down as if having a bowel movement. Bearing down can help your doctor assess how far the uterus has slipped into the vagina
