Blood Flashcards

Question

pruritus after hot shower

Answer 1

Hot showers can cause you to itch. Friedman says the heat can cause mast cells (which contain histamine) to release their contents in the skin and cause itching. They can increase your blood pressure, too

Answer 2

Pernicious anaemia is an autoimmune condition that affects your stomach. Vitamin B12 is combined with a protein called intrinsic factor in your stomach blood disorder characterized by the inability of the body to properly utilize vitamin B12, which is essential for the development of red blood cells. Most cases result from the lack of the gastric protein known as intrinsic factor, without which vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed.

Answer 3

Symptoms of pernicious anemia may include fatigue, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, jaundice or pallor, tingling and numbness of hands and feet, loss of appetite, diarrhea, unsteadiness when walking, bleeding gums, impaired sense of smell, and confusion

Answer 4

+2 degree C to +6 degree C in a blood bank refrigerator

Answer 5

Fresh frozen plasma FFP is prepared from whole blood or apheresis donations and frozen at – 18° C or below within 8 hours of collection. The volume of the unit is typically 200 – 250 mL. When stored at -18° C or below, FFP outdates in 12 months (six year storage at –65° C is allowable but requires FDA approval)

Answer 6

In the US, platelet components are generally stored at 20 to 24 degrees C (room temperature platelets, RTP) for 5-7 days, depending on the storage container and measures to control bacterial risk

Answer 7

Tumor lysis syndrome is a group of metabolic abnormalities that can occur as a complication from the treatment of cancer, where large amounts of tumor cells are killed off (lysed) from the treatment, releasing their contents into the bloodstream. Symptoms are generally nonspecific and can include: Nausea with or without vomiting. Lack of appetite and fatigue. Dark urine, reduced urine output, or flank pain. Numbness, seizures, or hallucinations. Muscle cramps and spasms. Heart palpitations. Laboratory diagnosis of tumor lysis syndrome is based on having two or more abnormal lab values including hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and/or secondary hypocalcemia occurring within 3 days prior to or up to 7 days after the initiation of cytotoxic therapy for malignancy.

Answer 8

is a condition that involves white patches or spots on the inside of the mouth. It can be caused by chewing tobacco, heavy smoking, and alcohol use Leukoplakia is different from other causes of white patches such as thrush or lichen planus because it can eventually develop into oral cancer Excisional biopsy. This involves surgically removing tissue from the leukoplakia patch or removing the entire patch if it's small. An excision biopsy is more comprehensive and usually results in a definitive diagnosis

Answer 9

Smoking causes cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon, and rectum, as well as acute myeloid leukemia

Answer 10

There are four major circumstances in which target cells appear as the major morphologic abnormality: thalassemia, hepatic disease with jaundice, hemoglobin C disorders, and the postsplenectomy state. Lesser numbers of target cells are found in sickle cell anemia, iron deficiency, and lead intoxication.

Answer 11

Signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia usually appear around 6 months of age. They vary from person to person and may change over time. Signs and symptoms can include: Anemia. Sickle cells break apart easily and die. Red blood cells usually live for about 120 days before they need to be replaced. But sickle cells typically die in 10 to 20 days, leaving a shortage of red blood cells (anemia). Without enough red blood cells, the body can't get enough oxygen and this causes fatigue. Episodes of pain. Periodic episodes of extreme pain, called pain crises, are a major symptom of sickle cell anemia. Pain develops when sickle-shaped red blood cells block blood flow through tiny blood vessels to your chest, abdomen and joints. The pain varies in intensity and can last for a few hours to a few days. Some people have only a few pain crises a year. Others have a dozen or more a year. A severe pain crisis requires a hospital stay. Some adolescents and adults with sickle cell anemia also have chronic pain, which can result from bone and joint damage, ulcers, and other causes. Swelling of hands and feet. The swelling is caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells blocking blood circulation in the hands and feet. Frequent infections. Sickle cells can damage the spleen, increasing vulnerability to infections. Infants and children with sickle cell anemia commonly receive vaccinations and antibiotics to prevent potentially life-threatening infections, such as pneumonia. Delayed growth or puberty. Red blood cells provide the body with the oxygen and nutrients needed for growth. A shortage of healthy red blood cells can slow growth in infants and children and delay puberty in teenagers. Vision problems. Tiny blood vessels that supply the eyes can become plugged with sickle cells. This can damage the retina — the portion of the eye that processes visual images — and lead to vision problems.

Answer 12

is an extremely rare inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal blood clotting that may result in abnormal bleeding. Signs and symptoms occur as the result of a deficiency in the blood clotting factor 13, which is responsible for stabilizing the formation of a blood clot Signs and symptoms of inherited factor XIII deficiency begin soon after birth, usually with abnormal bleeding from the umbilical cord stump. If the condition is not treated, affected individuals may have episodes of excessive and prolonged bleeding that can be life-threatening Most untreated individuals with factor XIII deficiency will have close to 0% factor XIII activity in the blood. To confirm a diagnosis, the quantity (amount) of factor XIII is tested in a blood sample through quantitative analysis of factor XIII (assay)

Answer 13

is usually an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. This can lead to spontaneous bleeding as well as bleeding following injuries or surgery. Blood contains many proteins called clotting factors that can help to stop bleeding The three main forms of hemophilia include the following: Hemophilia A: Caused by a lack of the blood clotting factor VIII; approximately 85% of hemophiliacs have type A disease. Hemophilia B: Caused by a deficiency of factor IX. Hemophilia C: Some doctors use this term to refer to a lack of clotting factor XI. The best way to treat hemophilia is to replace the missing blood clotting factor so that the blood can clot properly. This is typically done by injecting treatment products, called clotting factor concentrates, into a person's vein Classification according to plasma procoagulant levels is as follows: Severe hemophilia - FVIII level less than 1% of normal (< 0.01 IU/mL) Moderate hemophilia - FVIII level 1-5% of normal (0.01-0.05 IU/mL) Mild hemophilia - FVIII level more than 5% but less than 40% of normal (>0.05 to < 0.40 IU/mL)

Answer 14

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP) is a rare disorder of the blood coagulation system and is considered a true medical emergency. TTP is characterised into acquired (idiopathic) and congenital (familial) and affects 4-6 people per million, affecting women more than men with a peak incidence in your forties. Symptoms Bleeding into the skin or mucus membranes. Confusion. Fatigue, weakness. Fever. Headache. Pale skin color or yellowish skin color. Shortness of breath. Fast heart rate (over 100 beats per minute) Acquired TTP is caused when a person's body mistakingly makes antibodies that block the activity of the ADAMTS13 enzyme. THe ADAMTS13 enzyme normally helps control the activity of certain blood clotting factors Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a blood disorder in which platelet clumps form in small blood vessels. This leads to a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia

Answer 15

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a blood disorder characterized by a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood. Platelets are cells in the blood that help stop bleeding. A decrease in platelets can cause easy bruising, bleeding gums, and internal bleeding Immune thrombocytopenia usually happens when your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets, which are cell fragments that help blood clot. In adults, this may be triggered by infection with HIV , hepatitis or H. pylori — the type of bacteria that causes stomach ulcers

Answer 16

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. It is used during early development to eliminate unwanted cells; for example, those between the fingers of a developing hand. In adults, apoptosis is used to rid the body of cells that have been damaged beyond repair. Apoptosis also plays a role in preventing cancer Different gene families such as caspases, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 family of genes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene superfamily, or p53 gene are involved and/or collaborate in the process of apoptosis

Answer 17

(international normalized ratio) is a type of calculation based on PT test results. Prothrombin is a protein made by the liver. It is one of several substances known as clotting (coagulation) factors

Answer 18

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. It is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. This type of cancer usually gets worse quickly if it is not treated. AML is also called acute myelogenous leukemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia With AML, you may have more white blood cells and fewer red blood cells and platelets than normal The presence of blast cells — immature cells normally found in bone marrow but not circulating in the blood — is another indicator of acute myelogenous leukemia. Bone marrow test. A blood test can suggest leukemia, but it usually takes a bone marrow test to confirm the diagnosis Auer rods are a hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia but occasionally are seen in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, rarely in cases with fewer than 5% blasts

Answer 19

hemolytic uremic syndrome is a rare but serious disease that affects the kidneys and blood clotting functions of infected people. Infection with HUS causes destruction of red blood cells, which can then cause kidney failure. HUS occurs as a complication of a diarrheal infection (usually E.coli) The first stage of HUS often lasts from 1 to 15 days and may include gastrointestinal symptoms, such as: Abdominal pain. Bloody diarrhea. Vomiting. HUS is a condition that can occur when the small blood vessels in your kidneys become damaged and inflamed. This damage can cause clots to form in the vessels. The clots clog the filtering system in the kidneys and lead to kidney failure, which could be life-threatening The body can't get rid of excess fluid and waste may, in turn, cause: High blood pressure. Swelling of the hands and feet. Fluid buildup (edema) More than 85 percent of patients with the most common form of HUS recover complete kidney function. However, even with full recovery, there is the chance for high blood pressure or other kidney problems in the years ahead.

Answer 20

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by less oxygen-carrying protein (hemoglobin) and fewer red blood cells in the body than normal. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, paleness, and slow growth Mild forms may not need treatment. Severe forms may require blood transfusions or a donor stem-cell transplant What causes alpha thalassemia? Alpha thalassemia occurs when some or all of the 4 genes that make hemoglobin (the alpha-globin genes) are missing or damaged. There are 4 types of alpha thalassemia: Alpha thalassemia silent carrier. One gene is missing or damaged, and the other 3 are normal. Blood tests are usually normal. Your red blood cells may be smaller than normal. Being a silent carrier means you don’t have signs of the disease, but you can pass the damaged gene on to your child. This is confirmed by DNA tests. Alpha thalassemia carrier. Two genes are missing. You may have mild anemia. Hemoglobin H disease. Three genes are missing. This leaves just 1 working gene. You may have moderate to severe anemia. Symptoms can worsen with fever. They can also get worse if you are exposed to certain medicines, chemicals, or infectious agents. Blood transfusions are often needed. You have a greater risk of having a child with alpha thalassemia major. Alpha thalassemia major. All 4 genes are missing. This causes severe anemia. In most cases, a baby with this condition will die before birth. ??? Beta thalassemia has three main forms – minor, intermedia and major, which indicate the severity of the disease. Individuals with beta thalassemia minor usually do not have any symptoms (asymptomatic) and individuals often are unaware that they have the condition. Some individuals do experience a very mild anemia.

Answer 21

Management of sickle cell anemia is usually aimed at avoiding pain episodes, relieving symptoms and preventing complications Medications Hydroxyurea (Droxia, Hydrea, Siklos). Daily hydroxyurea reduces the frequency of painful crises and might reduce the need for blood transfusions and hospitalizations. But it can increase the risk of infections. Don't take the drug if you're pregnant. L-glutamine oral powder (Endari). The FDA recently approved this drug for treatment of sickle cell anemia. It helps in reducing the frequency of pain crises. Crizanlizumab (Adakveo). This drug, given by injection, can help reduce the frequency of pain crises in adults and children older than 16. Side effects can include nausea, joint pain, back pain and fever. Voxelotor (Oxbryta). This drug is used to treat sickle cell disease in adults and children older than 12. Taken orally, this drug can lower the risk of anemia and improve blood flow throughout the body. Side effects can include headache, nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, rash and fever. Pain-relieving medications. Your doctor might prescribe narcotics to help relieve pain during sickle cell pain crises. Preventing infections Children with sickle cell anemia might receive penicillin between the ages of about 2 months old until at least age 5 years. Doing so helps prevent infections, such as pneumonia, which can be life-threatening to children with sickle cell anemia. Adults who have sickle cell anemia might need to take penicillin throughout their lives if they've had pneumonia or surgery to remove the spleen. Childhood vaccinations are important for preventing disease in all children. They're even more important for children with sickle cell anemia because their infections can be severe. Your child's doctor should ensure that your child receives all the recommended childhood vaccinations, as well as vaccines against pneumonia, meningitis, hepatitis B and an annual flu shot. Vaccines are also important for adults with sickle cell anemia. During the COVID 19 pandemic, people with sickle cell anemia should take extra precautions, such as staying isolated at home as much as possible and for those who are eligible, getting vaccinated. Surgical and other procedures Blood transfusions. These are used to treat and prevent complications, such as stroke, in people with sickle cell disease. In a red blood cell transfusion, red blood cells are removed from a supply of donated blood, then given through a vein to a person with sickle cell anemia. This increases the number of normal red blood cells, which helps reduce symptoms and complications. Risks include an immune response to the donor blood, which can make it hard to find future donors; infection; and excess iron buildup in your body. Because excess iron can damage your heart, liver and other organs, you might need treatment to reduce iron levels if you undergo regular transfusions. Stem cell transplant. Also known as bone marrow transplant, this procedure involves replacing bone marrow affected by sickle cell anemia with healthy bone marrow from a donor. The procedure usually uses a matched donor, such as a sibling, who doesn't have sickle cell anemia. Because of the risks associated with a bone marrow transplant, including death, the procedure is recommended only for people, usually children, who have significant symptoms and complications of sickle cell anemia. A stem cell transplant is the only known cure for sickle cell anemia. Clinical trials are ongoing to address stem cell transplantation in adults and gene therapies.

Answer 22

is a rare disease passed down through families (inherited) (Autosomal recessive) that mainly affects the bone marrow. It results in decreased production of all types of blood cells. This is the most common inherited form of aplastic anemia. Fanconi anemia is different from Fanconi syndrome, a rare kidney disorder Fanconi anemia is an inherited disease caused by changes (mutations) in certain genes, known as FA genes. Experts have found 23 different FA genes. The disease occurs when there is a change (mutation) in one of these 23 genes. Children inherit Fanconi anemia from their parents