Eye Flashcards
Most common pathogens
bacterial conjunctivitis
Staphylococcal and streptococcal species
Most common pathogens
viral conjunctivitis
ملتحمه
adenovirus (epidemic keratoconjunctivitis [EKC]), when associated with keratitis = cornea قرنيه
SI steroid eye drops
Steroid eye drops may cause glaucoma (increased pressure inside the eye) or posterior subcapsular cataracts (a rare type of cataract) if used too long. Slow or delayed healing may also occur while you are using this medicine after cataract surgery
Snellen chart
- 20/200
- 20/100
- 20/70
- 20/50
- 20/40
- 20/30
- 20/25
- 20/20
Drug CI in acute closed angle glaucoma
Dipiverin
Primary ophthalmoscopic features of CMV
white granular zones of retinal necrosis, variable degrees of associated hemorrhage, and low-grade iritis and vitritis.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis is a virus that may infect the retina and potentially cause irreversible vision loss due to retinal detachment or destruction
Fluroscence stain showed dendritic ulcer kratitis
Herpes simplex
Where do you drop lubrication eye drops?
One drop in lower fornix
Painful loss of vision
Acute glaucoma
IOP
Intraocular pressure
Papilledema
also known as papilloedema, is optic disc swelling that is secondary to elevated intracranial pressure. In contrast to other causes of optic disc swelling, vision usually is well preserved with acute papilledema
Entropion
Entropion is an inward turning of the eyelid margin and appendages such that the pilosebaceous unit and mucocutaneous junction are directed posteriorly towards the cornea and ocular surface. It is one of the most common eyelid malpositions seen mainly in the elderly
ناخنك
How to measure exophtalmos
Proptosis is measured using an exophthalmometer. This device takes a millimeter measurement of the distance between the anterior cornea and the temporal orbital rim for each eye. For an individual patient the measurement base is the distance between the two temporal orbital rim margins
Allergic Conjunctivitis Treatment
Cold compress.
Artificial tears.
Anti-allergy eye drops or oral medications (over-the-counter or prescription).
Allergy immunotherapy.
Viral conjunctivitis treatment
Pink eye treatment is usually focused on symptom relief. Your doctor may recommend using artificial tears, cleaning your eyelids with a wet cloth, and applying cold or warm compresses several times daily. If you wear contact lenses, you’ll be advised to stop wearing them until treatment is complete
Patients with conjunctivitis caused by HSV usually are treated with topical antiviral agents, including ganciclovir gel, idoxuridine solution and ointment, vidarabine ointment, and trifluridine solution
CMV retinitis
Cytomegalovirus retinitis, also known as CMV retinitis, is an inflammation of the retina of the eye that can lead to blindness. Caused by human cytomegalovirus, it occurs predominantly in people whose immune system has been compromised, 15-40% of those with AIDS
Common symptoms of CMV retinitis include seeing “eye floaters” or small specks in the eye. As the disease progresses, individuals experience blurry vision, decreased peripheral vision, and light flashes. If the virus is not treated, CMV retinitis can cause a detached retina, leading to blindness in under six months
After removal foriegn body in eye should give
Topical antibiotics
What causes rapid decline in eyesight?
These include strokes, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, strokes and inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis or ischemic optic neuropathy). One form of glaucoma, a group of eye disorders that cause damage to the optic nerve from high pressure in the eye, is also associated with rapid vision loss
What can cause optic nerve edema?
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)
A head injury.
A brain or spinal cord tumor.
Inflammation of the brain or any of its coverings, such as meningitis.
Extremely high blood pressure.
Bleeding in the brain.
A blood clot or a problem within certain veins.
Pus collecting from a brain infection.
Normal eye pressure in manometey
While the average eye pressure is approximately 15 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury), the range of normal eye pressure is much larger. About 90 percent of people will fall between a pressure of 10 and 21. Even so, this does not mean that if you have a pressure of 22 or higher it is abnormal
Symptoms of glaucoma
intense eye pain.
nausea and vomiting.
a red eye.
a headache.
tenderness around the eyes.
seeing rings around lights.
blurred vision.
Seeing halos around lights.
Vision loss.
Eye redness.
Whitening/haziness of the cornea.
Eye pain.
Patchy blind spots inside or central vision.
Tunnel vision.
Severe headaches
Specific nystagmus test
Videonystagmography (VNG) is a test that measures a type of involuntary eye movement called nystagmus. These movements can be slow or fast, steady or jerky. Nystagmus causes your eyes to move from side to side or up and down, or both
Optic neuritis
occurs when swelling (inflammation) damages the optic nerve — a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits visual information from your eye to your brain. Common symptoms of optic neuritis include pain with eye movement and
The most common cause for ON is inflammatory demyelination of the optic nerve. Demyelination is a process in which the myelin is stripped off by disease. It is believed that ON is an autoimmune process, where for some unknown reason the immune system attacks tissues of the body causing injury
Corneal scarring
The cornea is resilient and can typically heal from minor abrasions. However, major corneal damage can result in a corneal scar. These scars can be caused by improper use of contact lenses, deep scratches, lacerations, burns, and some diseases like shingles and syphilis
A combination drop of polymyxin and trimethoprim is commercially available. For large or dirty abrasions, many practitioners prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotic drops, such as trimethoprim/polymyxin B (Polytrim) or sulfacetamide sodium (Sulamyd, Bleph-10), which are inexpensive and least likely to cause complications
Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as diclofenac (Voltaren) and ketorolac (Acular) are modestly useful in reducing pain from corneal abrasions
Styes
گل مژه
A stye, also known as a hordeolum
A stye is a bacterial infection involving one or more of the small glands near the base of your eyelashes. It is similar to a boil or a pimple and is often painful. A stye (sty) is a red, painful lump near the edge of your eyelid that may look like a boil or a pimple. Styes are often filled with pus.
Symptoms: Boil; Pain
Strabismus
Strabismus is a disorder in which both eyes do not line up in the same direction. Therefore, they do not look at the same object at the same time. The most common form of strabismus is known as “crossed eyes.”
Most people automatically use the term Lazy Eye when an eye crosses or turns outward. As stated above, an eye that moves on its own is a sign of Amblyopia or Lazy Eye, but Strabismus is the condition that one or both eyes turns inwards (esotropia) or out (exotropia)
Strabismus, or crossed eyes, doesn’t necessarily mean that a patient requires vision correction. They may have 20/20 vision, but just suffer with eye alignment. Amblyopia, on the other hand, occurs when an eye doesn’t have normal visual acuity.
Glaucoma medical treatment
These increase the outflow of the fluid in your eye (aqueous humor), thereby reducing your eye pressure. Medicines in this category include: 1️⃣prostaglandins:
latanoprost (Xalatan),
travoprost (Travatan Z), tafluprost (Zioptan),
bimatoprost (Lumigan) and latanoprostene bunod (Vyzulta).
2️⃣Rho kinase inhibitor, like Rhopressa (netarsudil)
3️⃣Nitric oxides, like Vyzulta (latanoprostene bunod)
4️⃣Miotic or cholinergic agents, like Isopto Carpine (pilocarpine)
Other types of eye drops work by lowering the amount of fluid your eye makes. Examples include:
❗️Alpha-adrenergic agonists, like Iopidine (apraclonidine) and Alphagan P or Qoliana (brimonidine)
‼️Beta blockers, like Betoptic (betaxolol) and Betimol, Istalol, or Timoptic (timolol)
‼️❗️Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, like Trusopt (dorzolamide) and Azopt (brinzolamide)
