Eye

Question 1

Most common pathogens
bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 1

Staphylococcal and streptococcal species

Question 2

Most common pathogens
viral conjunctivitis
ملتحمه

Answer 2

adenovirus (epidemic keratoconjunctivitis [EKC]), when associated with keratitis = cornea قرنيه

Question 3

SI steroid eye drops

Answer 3

Steroid eye drops may cause glaucoma (increased pressure inside the eye) or posterior subcapsular cataracts (a rare type of cataract) if used too long. Slow or delayed healing may also occur while you are using this medicine after cataract surgery

Question 4

Snellen chart

Answer 4

1. 20/200
2. 20/100
3. 20/70
4. 20/50
5. 20/40
6. 20/30
7. 20/25
8. 20/20

Question 5

Drug CI in acute closed angle glaucoma

Answer 5

Dipiverin

Question 6

Primary ophthalmoscopic features of CMV

Answer 6

white granular zones of retinal necrosis, variable degrees of associated hemorrhage, and low-grade iritis and vitritis.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis is a virus that may infect the retina and potentially cause irreversible vision loss due to retinal detachment or destruction

Question 7

Fluroscence stain showed dendritic ulcer kratitis

Answer 7

Herpes simplex

Question 8

Where do you drop lubrication eye drops?

Answer 8

One drop in lower fornix

Question 9

Painful loss of vision

Answer 9

Acute glaucoma

Question 10

IOP

Answer 10

Intraocular pressure

Question 11

Papilledema

Answer 11

also known as papilloedema, is optic disc swelling that is secondary to elevated intracranial pressure. In contrast to other causes of optic disc swelling, vision usually is well preserved with acute papilledema

Question 12

Entropion

Answer 12

Entropion is an inward turning of the eyelid margin and appendages such that the pilosebaceous unit and mucocutaneous junction are directed posteriorly towards the cornea and ocular surface. It is one of the most common eyelid malpositions seen mainly in the elderly
ناخنك

Question 13

How to measure exophtalmos

Answer 13

Proptosis is measured using an exophthalmometer. This device takes a millimeter measurement of the distance between the anterior cornea and the temporal orbital rim for each eye. For an individual patient the measurement base is the distance between the two temporal orbital rim margins

Question 14

Allergic Conjunctivitis Treatment

Answer 14

Cold compress.
Artificial tears.
Anti-allergy eye drops or oral medications (over-the-counter or prescription).
Allergy immunotherapy.

Question 15

Viral conjunctivitis treatment

Answer 15

Pink eye treatment is usually focused on symptom relief. Your doctor may recommend using artificial tears, cleaning your eyelids with a wet cloth, and applying cold or warm compresses several times daily. If you wear contact lenses, you’ll be advised to stop wearing them until treatment is complete

Patients with conjunctivitis caused by HSV usually are treated with topical antiviral agents, including ganciclovir gel, idoxuridine solution and ointment, vidarabine ointment, and trifluridine solution

Question 16

CMV retinitis

Answer 16

Cytomegalovirus retinitis, also known as CMV retinitis, is an inflammation of the retina of the eye that can lead to blindness. Caused by human cytomegalovirus, it occurs predominantly in people whose immune system has been compromised, 15-40% of those with AIDS

Common symptoms of CMV retinitis include seeing “eye floaters” or small specks in the eye. As the disease progresses, individuals experience blurry vision, decreased peripheral vision, and light flashes. If the virus is not treated, CMV retinitis can cause a detached retina, leading to blindness in under six months

Question 17

After removal foriegn body in eye should give

Answer 17

Topical antibiotics

Question 18

What causes rapid decline in eyesight?

Answer 18

These include strokes, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, strokes and inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis or ischemic optic neuropathy). One form of glaucoma, a group of eye disorders that cause damage to the optic nerve from high pressure in the eye, is also associated with rapid vision loss

Question 19

What can cause optic nerve edema?

Answer 19

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)
A head injury.
A brain or spinal cord tumor.
Inflammation of the brain or any of its coverings, such as meningitis.
Extremely high blood pressure.
Bleeding in the brain.
A blood clot or a problem within certain veins.
Pus collecting from a brain infection.

Question 20

Normal eye pressure in manometey

Answer 20

While the average eye pressure is approximately 15 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury), the range of normal eye pressure is much larger. About 90 percent of people will fall between a pressure of 10 and 21. Even so, this does not mean that if you have a pressure of 22 or higher it is abnormal

Question 21

Symptoms of glaucoma

Answer 21

intense eye pain.
nausea and vomiting.
a red eye.
a headache.
tenderness around the eyes.
seeing rings around lights.
blurred vision.

Seeing halos around lights.
Vision loss.
Eye redness.
Whitening/haziness of the cornea.
Eye pain.
Patchy blind spots inside or central vision.
Tunnel vision.
Severe headaches

Question 22

Specific nystagmus test

Answer 22

Videonystagmography (VNG) is a test that measures a type of involuntary eye movement called nystagmus. These movements can be slow or fast, steady or jerky. Nystagmus causes your eyes to move from side to side or up and down, or both

Question 23

Optic neuritis

Answer 23

occurs when swelling (inflammation) damages the optic nerve — a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits visual information from your eye to your brain. Common symptoms of optic neuritis include pain with eye movement and

The most common cause for ON is inflammatory demyelination of the optic nerve. Demyelination is a process in which the myelin is stripped off by disease. It is believed that ON is an autoimmune process, where for some unknown reason the immune system attacks tissues of the body causing injury

Question 24

Corneal scarring

Answer 24

The cornea is resilient and can typically heal from minor abrasions. However, major corneal damage can result in a corneal scar. These scars can be caused by improper use of contact lenses, deep scratches, lacerations, burns, and some diseases like shingles and syphilis

A combination drop of polymyxin and trimethoprim is commercially available. For large or dirty abrasions, many practitioners prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotic drops, such as trimethoprim/polymyxin B (Polytrim) or sulfacetamide sodium (Sulamyd, Bleph-10), which are inexpensive and least likely to cause complications

Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as diclofenac (Voltaren) and ketorolac (Acular) are modestly useful in reducing pain from corneal abrasions

Question 25

Styes

Answer 25

گل‌ مژه
A stye, also known as a hordeolum

A stye is a bacterial infection involving one or more of the small glands near the base of your eyelashes. It is similar to a boil or a pimple and is often painful. A stye (sty) is a red, painful lump near the edge of your eyelid that may look like a boil or a pimple. Styes are often filled with pus.
Symptoms: Boil; Pain

Question 26

Strabismus

Answer 26

Strabismus is a disorder in which both eyes do not line up in the same direction. Therefore, they do not look at the same object at the same time. The most common form of strabismus is known as “crossed eyes.”

Most people automatically use the term Lazy Eye when an eye crosses or turns outward. As stated above, an eye that moves on its own is a sign of Amblyopia or Lazy Eye, but Strabismus is the condition that one or both eyes turns inwards (esotropia) or out (exotropia)

Strabismus, or crossed eyes, doesn’t necessarily mean that a patient requires vision correction. They may have 20/20 vision, but just suffer with eye alignment. Amblyopia, on the other hand, occurs when an eye doesn’t have normal visual acuity.

Question 27

Glaucoma medical treatment

Answer 27

These increase the outflow of the fluid in your eye (aqueous humor), thereby reducing your eye pressure. Medicines in this category include: 1️⃣prostaglandins:
latanoprost (Xalatan),
travoprost (Travatan Z), tafluprost (Zioptan),
bimatoprost (Lumigan) and latanoprostene bunod (Vyzulta).
2️⃣Rho kinase inhibitor, like Rhopressa (netarsudil)
3️⃣Nitric oxides, like Vyzulta (latanoprostene bunod)
4️⃣Miotic or cholinergic agents, like Isopto Carpine (pilocarpine)

Other types of eye drops work by lowering the amount of fluid your eye makes. Examples include:

❗️Alpha-adrenergic agonists, like Iopidine (apraclonidine) and Alphagan P or Qoliana (brimonidine)
‼️Beta blockers, like Betoptic (betaxolol) and Betimol, Istalol, or Timoptic (timolol)
‼️❗️Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, like Trusopt (dorzolamide) and Azopt (brinzolamide)