Amar

Question 1

Positive predictive value:

Answer 1

A/a+b

Question 2

Negative predictive value

ارزش اخباری منفی

Answer 2

D/c+d

منفی های واقعی به کل منفی‌ها

Question 3

Sensitivity:

Answer 3

تعداد کسانی مریضند و مواجهه داشتند به کل مریض ها

A/a+c

Question 4

Specifity:

ویژگی

Answer 4

سالم و مواجهه نداشتند به کل سالم‌ها

D/b+d

Question 5

Relative risk

Answer 5

شیوع در مواجهه یافته/ شیوع در مواجهه نیافته

{A/(a+b)}/{c/(c+d)}

Question 6

Attributable risk

خطر منتسب

Answer 6

شیوع در مواجهه یافته- شیوع در مواجهه نیافته

{a/(a+b)}-{c/(c+d)}

Question 7

Odd ratio

نسبت شانس‌ها

Answer 7

احتمال اینکه مریض مواجهه داشته باشه یا سالم باشه و مواجه نداشته باشه / احتمال اینکه سالم مواجهه داشته باشه یا مریض باشی و مواجهه نداشته باشی
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Question 8

Prospective cohort

Answer 8

A prospective cohort study is a longitudinal cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome

💯A prospective cohort study is also called a “concurrent cohort“ study, where the subjects have been followed up for a period and the outcomes of interest are recorded

آینده نگر

Question 9

Case control study

Answer 9

Listen to pronunciation. (kays-kun-TROLE STUH-dee) A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls)
For example, investigators conducted a case-control study to determine if there is an association between colon cancer and a high fat diet. Cases were all confirmed colon cancer cases in North Carolina in 2010. Controls were a sample of North Carolina residents without colon cancer

Question 10

What is a case-control study vs cohort study?

Answer 10

Whereas the cohort study is concerned with frequency of disease in exposed and non-exposed individuals, the case-control study is concerned with the frequency and amount of exposure in subjects with a specific disease (cases) and people without the disease (controls).

در حالی که مطالعه کوهورت مربوط به فراوانی
بیماری در افراد در معرض و غیر در معرض، مطالعه مورد-شاهدی به فراوانی و میزان مواجهه در افراد مبتلا به یک بیماری خاص (موارد) و افراد بدون بیماری (شاهد) مربوط می شود.

Question 11

Cross sectional study

Answer 11

Definition: A cross-sectional study is defined as a type of observational research that analyzes data of variables collected at one given point in time across a sample population or a pre-defined subset. This study type is also known as cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, or prevalence study.

Question 12

Nul hypothesis

Answer 12

The null hypothesis is a typical statistical theory which suggests that no statistical relationship and significance exists in a set of given single observed variable, between two sets of observed data and measured phenomena.

Question 13

Prenatal mortality rate

Answer 13

The perinatal mortality rate is the sum of the number of perinatal deaths (stillbirths and early neonatal deaths) divided by the number of pregnancies of seven or more months’ duration (all live births plus stillbirths).

(PMR) is calculated as total number of perinatal deaths per total number of births (still births + live births) × 1000. Many classification systems have been used to identify the causes of perinatal deaths

the perinatal period begins at the 20th -28th week of gestation at the 20th to 28th week of gestation and ends 1 to 4 weeks after delivery.

Question 14

RCT

Answer 14

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental form of impact evaluation in which the population receiving the programme or policy intervention is chosen at random from the eligible population, and a control group is also chosen at random from the same eligible population
کارآزمایی تصادفی‌شده‌ی کنترل دار

Question 15

Types of prevention

Answer 15

در پیشگیری اولیه تلاش بر آن است که از ابتلا به یک بیماری در یک جامعهٔ مشخص جلوگیری شود که مهم‌ترین کار در رسیدن به این هدف آموزش بهداشت است. پیشگیری دارویی و واکسیناسیون نیز در این سطح از پیشگیری قرار دارد.

در پیشگیری دومین یا ثانویه زمانی که فرد به بیماری مبتلا شده و پیشگیری اولیه پاسخ نداده‌است یا انجام نشده‌است انجام می‌شود و تلاش بر آن است تا از شدت یافتن یک بیماری، اپیدمی شدن آن، یا به جای گذاشتن اثری بر روی بیمار جلوگیری شود. در واقع درمان اولیه (درمان دارویی که سطح دوم پیشگیری دارویی محسوب می‌شود) جهت جلوگیری از بروز یا شدت یافتن عفونت حاصل از یک بیماری با عامل عفونی است.

در پیشگیری سومین یا ثالثیه زمانی که دو سطح پیشگیری قبلی مؤثر نبوده یا به‌طور صحیح و مؤثری انجام نشده‌است انجام می‌شود و تلاش بر آن است تا از عوارض یا بازماندن آثار غیرقابل جبران بر فرد می‌باشد که توانبخشی‌ها در این دسته از سطوح پیشگیری قرار می‌گیرد.

در پیشگیری مقدماتی یا نخستین پا فراتر از این موارد گذاشته می‌شود و این سطح قبل از سطوح دیگر در مواردی اجرا می‌شود. در پیشگیری مقدماتی هدف آن است که از عملکرد عوامل خطر زا برای افراد جامعه جلوگیری شود. به این معنا که سطحی از پیشگیری عملی شود که نیاز به دیگر سطوح را کاهش دهد.

Question 16

Epidemiology def

Answer 16

the branch of medicine which deals with the 1️⃣incidence, 2️⃣distribution, and 3️⃣possible control of diseases and 4️⃣other factors relating to health.

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the 2️⃣distribution, 4️⃣patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined population. It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare

Question 17

How long does peak nicotine withdrawal last?

Answer 17

It’s intense but short, though it might not feel that way at the time. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms usually peak within the first 3 days of quitting, and last for about 2 weeks. If you make it through those first weeks, it gets a little easier.

Question 18

meta-analysis

Answer 18

examination of data from a number of independent studies of the same subject, in order to determine overall trends.

Meta-analyses are conducted to assess the strength of evidence present on a disease and treatment. One aim is to determine whether an effect exists; another aim is to determine whether the effect is positive or negative and, ideally, to obtain a single summary estimate of the effect.

Question 19

What is the bias of case control study?

Answer 19

Recall bias