pharm and nursing practice Flashcards by Kaitlyn Dominie

describes the specific molecular structure and chemical composition of a drug and is used mainly by researchers

chemical name

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one commonly used by health professionalsnthay is created when a medication is ready to be marketed

generic name

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owned by the manufacturer and van be created as soon as a generic name has been approved

brand name

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meda made up of a combo of two or more active drugs in a single tablet with complementary modes of action

combination drugs

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any substance or.mixture of substances manufactured, sold o represented for use

drug

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outlines the legal control if addictive and havituating drugs and provides extensive regulation and control over their posession, manufacture, sale, and distribution

controlled drugs and substances act

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describes the action of drugs on target cells and the changes that occur in body fluids as a result of the action of these drugs

pharmacodynamics

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a drug that binds to receptor, producing a biochemical response

agonist

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drug that binds to a receptor, preventing an agonist from binding to that receptor, which results in no agonist-induced biochemical response

antagonist

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there is interaction between two drugs with the result that the overall effect is greater than if the drugs are given separately

potentiation (synergism)

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the effects of one drug are increased when it’s normal binding site on plasma protein within the blood is inhibited by another drug, thereby promoting more immediate action of the first drug

displacement

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the toxic effects of one drug are reduced by a second drug that takes up the receptor sites of the firstbdrug, thereby preventing a biochemical response

antidotal effect

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and undesirable reaction to a drug that is regarded by the body as an allergen

allergic reaction

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severe acute systemic reaction to an allergen, causing massive vasodilation dyspnea and shock

anaphylaxis

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an unexpected response to a drug by a specific client

idiosyncratic

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a rxn to a drug that may produce congenital defects if taken by a person who is pregnant

teratogenic rxn

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resistance of the body to the action of a drug bcuz of adaptation to overuse

drug tolerance

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dependence on a drug resulting in the body requiring a continuous supply to function

physical dependence

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where there is an overwhelming and uncontrolled desire for the drug that forces continued usage

psychological dependence

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how the bodybmanages a drug

pharmacokinetics

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the process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body until the time it enters the bloodstream

absorption

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the transport of drug molecules within the body

distribution

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determines how drugs are biotransformed by the body into simple, active, or inactive metabolites

metabolism

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elimination of a drug from the body

excretion

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used to relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness

analgesics

prescribed for the treatment of severe pain

opioid analgesics

used for mild to moderate pain

nonopiate analgesics

meds block the receptor sites of opioid analgesic or display occupying receptor sites

opioid antagonists

drugs that act in the limbic and reticular activating systems to make gama-aminobutyric acid more effective

benzos

avt by inhibiting the condution of nerve impulses within the CNS by promoting the inhibitory activity of GABA

barbiturates

what are types of antiepileptic drugs

barbiturates benzos hydantoins iminostilbenes valproic acid succinides

acts on the cell membrane of neurons in the cortex of the brain to stabilize nerve membranes this reducing voltage frequency and the spread of electrical discharges

hydantoins

block sodium channels which leads to stabilization of nerve membranes

iminostilbenes

increases the GABA effect, resulting in decreased electrical activity

valproic acid

used for the control of absence seizures

succinimides

these drugs increase the effects of dopamine at receptor sites in the substantial nigra

dopaminergic agents

crosses the blood brain barrier, where it is converted to dopamine

levodopa

inhibits the breakdown of levodopa outside the CNS, allowing greater amounts of levodopa to enter the CNS

carbidopa

increased dopamine release and blocks the reuptake of dopamine into the presynaptic neuron

Amandadine

decreases the breakdown of dopamine by monoamine oxidase B

selegiline

decreases the breakdown of dopamine by COMT

entacapone

depress the CNA by blocking nerve impulses that cause muscle tone and contraction

skeletal muscle relaxants

used to treat the spasticity of MS

baclofen

inhibits muscle contraction, relieving muscle spasticity and neuroleptic malignant syndrome

dantrolene

used for muscle spasm following musculoskeletal injury

cyclobenzaprine

are used to treat clients who have lost their ability to cope with the normal activities of daily living due to changes in their mental state

psychotherapeutic drugs

prescribed to produce relief of anxiety and panic disorder by depressing CNS activity

anxiopytics

block the uptake of serotonin with little to no effect on NE; an increase in levels in the synaptic clef promotes nerve impulses transmission and results in an antidepressant effect

SSRIs

block the uptake of serotonin with little to no effect on NE; an increase in levels in the synaptic clef promotes nerve impulses transmission and results in an antidepressant effect

SSRIs

used for the treatment and prevention of acute mania and the management of bipolar disorder

lithium carbonate

largest group of antipsychotic drugs and includes chloepromazine

phenthiazines

these drugs cause fewer sedative and hypotensive effects but cause extraoyrsmidal effects

thioxanthenes

used for the long term treatment of psychosis had largely been replaced by the atypical antipsychotic

phenylbutlpiperidines

these agents block both dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain and relieve negative and positive symptoms of psychosis

atypical agents

depress the CNS, producing loss of sensation

anesthetics

drugs in this classification are primarily used to eliminate sensation to a specific region to prevent discomfort

local anesthetics

preparations produce loss of consciousness, skeletal muscle relaxation, and suppression of reflexes

General anesthetics

are used to enhance nervous system activity

cns stimulants

are used to enhance nervous system activity

cns stimulants

are used as emergency agents for treating cardic arrest and cardiovascular collapse

adrenergic agonists

inhibits or block the responses of adrenergic neurotransmitters at alpha and beta adrenergic receptor sites

adrenergic blocking agents

imitate parasympathetic nervous system. have limited use

cholinergic drugs

act by blocking ach receptors

anticholinergic drugs

before and during the admin of agents that affect the clotting of blood, several blood tests are used to assess the clotting processes within the body

preliminary tests

prevent the formation of clots by inhibiting certain clotting factors and platelets

anticoagulants

agents act by converting plasminogen to plasmin

fibrinolytic

used to reduce lipid levels when dietary measures, weight loss, and exercise have been unsuccessful

antilipemics

combine with the bile acids in the intestines to form a nonabsorable complex that is then excreted in the feces

bile acid sequestrants

this is the most widely used classification of antilipemic in the treatment of dyslipidemia. block the formation of cellular cholesterol, causing a reduction in blood LDL and total cholesterol within weeks

statins

these acid stimulate the breakdown and reduction in synthesis of very low density lipoproteins.

fibric acids

acts on liver cells to inhibit LDL and triglyceride production

nicotinic acid

these agents are used to treat low BP and circulatory shock and to re-establish effective circulation and Bp

antihypotensive agents

what are some types of antihypotensive agents

alpha-adrenergic agents beta-adrenergic agents alpha and beta adrenergic agents

are usually prescribed for clients when diet, exercise, and other measures designed to reduce BP have failed to lower BP to a level that does not pose a health risk to the cardiovascular and renal systems

antihypertensive agents

what are some antihypertensive agents?

diuretics ACE inhibitors angiotensin 2 receptor blockers adrenergic drugs calcium channel blockers centrally acting antihypertensives vasodilators direct renin inhibitors

decrease the workload of the heart and include ACE inhibitors, nitrates, and angiotensin 2 recptor blockers

vasodilators

these meds increase urine output and decrease sodium levels in the body

diuretics

thse medications reduce or block the sympathetic nervous system to the heart and the hearts conduction system

beta-adrenergic blockers

these agonists stimulate sympathetic nervous system activity to increase calcium flow into the cardiac muscle, resulting in increased contractility

beta adrenergic agonists

act by increasing the strength of cardiac contraction, which result in increased cardiac output

cardiac glycosides

when a client is initially started on digitalis preparation, a higher-than normal dosage of the medication is commonly given to establish therapeutic levels as quickly as possible

digitalization

produce an inotropic effect on the heart as well as dilating arteries and veins. they increase the force of contractility of the heart muscles and decrease pre and afterload on the heart

phosphodiesterase inhibitors

are meds uses to treat dysrhythmias, to slow conduction of electrical impulses in the heart, to reduce spontaneous depolarization of myocardial cells, or to prolong the effecve refractory period

antidysrhythmic drugs

are prescribed to relieve angina pain and reduce the frequency of angina attacks. they are also prescribed to improve the clients functional capacity and prevent or delay MI

antianginal drugs

what are the classifications of drugs used to treat angina pectoris

nitrates calcium channel blockers beta adrenergic blockers

act by relaxing vascular smooth muscle, whihc dilates coronary blood vessels and increases blood flow to the myocardium

nitrates

these meds act by relaxing vascular smooth muscle, which dilates the coronary blood vessels and increased blood flow to the myocardium

calcium channel blockers

act to help reduce the risk for angina by decreasing the influence of the sympathetic nervous system on stimulating the myocardium, resulting in decreased cardiac output

beta adrenergic blockers

drugs are used to speed the passage of intestinal contents through the Gi tract

laxatives

what are the types of laxative drugs

bulk forming laxatives stimulant laxative saline laxative emollient laxative hyperosmotic laxative

the medication prescribed to treat diarrhea is given to treat the unpleasent symptoms or the underlying cause of the diarrhea.

antidiarrheal agents

what are the types of antidiarrheal drugs?

opiates probiotics and intestinal flora modifiers adsorbents anticholinergics