pharm and nursing practice Flashcards
describes the specific molecular structure and chemical composition of a drug and is used mainly by researchers
chemical name
one commonly used by health professionalsnthay is created when a medication is ready to be marketed
generic name
owned by the manufacturer and van be created as soon as a generic name has been approved
brand name
meda made up of a combo of two or more active drugs in a single tablet with complementary modes of action
combination drugs
any substance or.mixture of substances manufactured, sold o represented for use
drug
outlines the legal control if addictive and havituating drugs and provides extensive regulation and control over their posession, manufacture, sale, and distribution
controlled drugs and substances act
describes the action of drugs on target cells and the changes that occur in body fluids as a result of the action of these drugs
pharmacodynamics
a drug that binds to receptor, producing a biochemical response
agonist
drug that binds to a receptor, preventing an agonist from binding to that receptor, which results in no agonist-induced biochemical response
antagonist
there is interaction between two drugs with the result that the overall effect is greater than if the drugs are given separately
potentiation (synergism)
the effects of one drug are increased when it’s normal binding site on plasma protein within the blood is inhibited by another drug, thereby promoting more immediate action of the first drug
displacement
the toxic effects of one drug are reduced by a second drug that takes up the receptor sites of the firstbdrug, thereby preventing a biochemical response
antidotal effect
and undesirable reaction to a drug that is regarded by the body as an allergen
allergic reaction
severe acute systemic reaction to an allergen, causing massive vasodilation dyspnea and shock
anaphylaxis
an unexpected response to a drug by a specific client
idiosyncratic
a rxn to a drug that may produce congenital defects if taken by a person who is pregnant
teratogenic rxn
resistance of the body to the action of a drug bcuz of adaptation to overuse
drug tolerance
dependence on a drug resulting in the body requiring a continuous supply to function
physical dependence
where there is an overwhelming and uncontrolled desire for the drug that forces continued usage
psychological dependence
how the bodybmanages a drug
pharmacokinetics
the process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body until the time it enters the bloodstream
absorption
the transport of drug molecules within the body
distribution
determines how drugs are biotransformed by the body into simple, active, or inactive metabolites
metabolism
elimination of a drug from the body
excretion
used to relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness
analgesics
prescribed for the treatment of severe pain
opioid analgesics
used for mild to moderate pain
nonopiate analgesics
meds block the receptor sites of opioid analgesic or display occupying receptor sites
opioid antagonists
drugs that act in the limbic and reticular activating systems to make gama-aminobutyric acid more effective
benzos
avt by inhibiting the condution of nerve impulses within the CNS by promoting the inhibitory activity of GABA
barbiturates
what are types of antiepileptic drugs
barbiturates
benzos
hydantoins
iminostilbenes
valproic acid
succinides
acts on the cell membrane of neurons in the cortex of the brain to stabilize nerve membranes this reducing voltage frequency and the spread of electrical discharges
hydantoins
block sodium channels which leads to stabilization of nerve membranes
iminostilbenes
increases the GABA effect, resulting in decreased electrical activity
valproic acid
used for the control of absence seizures
succinimides
these drugs increase the effects of dopamine at receptor sites in the substantial nigra
dopaminergic agents
crosses the blood brain barrier, where it is converted to dopamine
levodopa
inhibits the breakdown of levodopa outside the CNS, allowing greater amounts of levodopa to enter the CNS
carbidopa
increased dopamine release and blocks the reuptake of dopamine into the presynaptic neuron
Amandadine
decreases the breakdown of dopamine by monoamine oxidase B
selegiline
decreases the breakdown of dopamine by COMT
entacapone
depress the CNA by blocking nerve impulses that cause muscle tone and contraction
skeletal muscle relaxants
used to treat the spasticity of MS
baclofen
inhibits muscle contraction, relieving muscle spasticity and neuroleptic malignant syndrome
dantrolene
used for muscle spasm following musculoskeletal injury
cyclobenzaprine
are used to treat clients who have lost their ability to cope with the normal activities of daily living due to changes in their mental state
psychotherapeutic drugs
prescribed to produce relief of anxiety and panic disorder by depressing CNS activity
anxiopytics
block the uptake of serotonin with little to no effect on NE; an increase in levels in the synaptic clef promotes nerve impulses transmission and results in an antidepressant effect
SSRIs
block the uptake of serotonin with little to no effect on NE; an increase in levels in the synaptic clef promotes nerve impulses transmission and results in an antidepressant effect
SSRIs
used for the treatment and prevention of acute mania and the management of bipolar disorder
lithium carbonate
largest group of antipsychotic drugs and includes chloepromazine
phenthiazines
these drugs cause fewer sedative and hypotensive effects but cause extraoyrsmidal effects
thioxanthenes
used for the long term treatment of psychosis had largely been replaced by the atypical antipsychotic
phenylbutlpiperidines
these agents block both dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain and relieve negative and positive symptoms of psychosis
atypical agents
depress the CNS, producing loss of sensation
anesthetics
drugs in this classification are primarily used to eliminate sensation to a specific region to prevent discomfort
local anesthetics
preparations produce loss of consciousness, skeletal muscle relaxation, and suppression of reflexes
General anesthetics
are used to enhance nervous system activity
cns stimulants
are used to enhance nervous system activity
cns stimulants
are used as emergency agents for treating cardic arrest and cardiovascular collapse
adrenergic agonists
inhibits or block the responses of adrenergic neurotransmitters at alpha and beta adrenergic receptor sites
adrenergic blocking agents
imitate parasympathetic nervous system. have limited use
cholinergic drugs
act by blocking ach receptors
anticholinergic drugs
before and during the admin of agents that affect the clotting of blood, several blood tests are used to assess the clotting processes within the body
preliminary tests
prevent the formation of clots by inhibiting certain clotting factors and platelets
anticoagulants
agents act by converting plasminogen to plasmin
fibrinolytic
used to reduce lipid levels when dietary measures, weight loss, and exercise have been unsuccessful
antilipemics
combine with the bile acids in the intestines to form a nonabsorable complex that is then excreted in the feces
bile acid sequestrants
this is the most widely used classification of antilipemic in the treatment of dyslipidemia. block the formation of cellular cholesterol, causing a reduction in blood LDL and total cholesterol within weeks
statins
these acid stimulate the breakdown and reduction in synthesis of very low density lipoproteins.
fibric acids
acts on liver cells to inhibit LDL and triglyceride production
nicotinic acid
these agents are used to treat low BP and circulatory shock and to re-establish effective circulation and Bp
antihypotensive agents
what are some types of antihypotensive agents
alpha-adrenergic agents
beta-adrenergic agents
alpha and beta adrenergic agents
are usually prescribed for clients when diet, exercise, and other measures designed to reduce BP have failed to lower BP to a level that does not pose a health risk to the cardiovascular and renal systems
antihypertensive agents
what are some antihypertensive agents?
diuretics
ACE inhibitors
angiotensin 2 receptor blockers
adrenergic drugs
calcium channel blockers
centrally acting antihypertensives
vasodilators
direct renin inhibitors
decrease the workload of the heart and include ACE inhibitors, nitrates, and angiotensin 2 recptor blockers
vasodilators
these meds increase urine output and decrease sodium levels in the body
diuretics
thse medications reduce or block the sympathetic nervous system to the heart and the hearts conduction system
beta-adrenergic blockers
these agonists stimulate sympathetic nervous system activity to increase calcium flow into the cardiac muscle, resulting in increased contractility
beta adrenergic agonists
act by increasing the strength of cardiac contraction, which result in increased cardiac output
cardiac glycosides
when a client is initially started on digitalis preparation, a higher-than normal dosage of the medication is commonly given to establish therapeutic levels as quickly as possible
digitalization
produce an inotropic effect on the heart as well as dilating arteries and veins. they increase the force of contractility of the heart muscles and decrease pre and afterload on the heart
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
are meds uses to treat dysrhythmias, to slow conduction of electrical impulses in the heart, to reduce spontaneous depolarization of myocardial cells, or to prolong the effecve refractory period
antidysrhythmic drugs
are prescribed to relieve angina pain and reduce the frequency of angina attacks. they are also prescribed to improve the clients functional capacity and prevent or delay MI
antianginal drugs
what are the classifications of drugs used to treat angina pectoris
nitrates
calcium channel blockers
beta adrenergic blockers
act by relaxing vascular smooth muscle, whihc dilates coronary blood vessels and increases blood flow to the myocardium
nitrates
these meds act by relaxing vascular smooth muscle, which dilates the coronary blood vessels and increased blood flow to the myocardium
calcium channel blockers
act to help reduce the risk for angina by decreasing the influence of the sympathetic nervous system on stimulating the myocardium, resulting in decreased cardiac output
beta adrenergic blockers
drugs are used to speed the passage of intestinal contents through the Gi tract
laxatives
what are the types of laxative drugs
bulk forming laxatives
stimulant laxative
saline laxative
emollient laxative
hyperosmotic laxative
the medication prescribed to treat diarrhea is given to treat the unpleasent symptoms or the underlying cause of the diarrhea.
antidiarrheal agents
what are the types of antidiarrheal drugs?
opiates
probiotics and intestinal flora modifiers
adsorbents
anticholinergics
