pediatric nursing Flashcards
consists of individuals, each with a socially recognized status and position, who interact with one another on a regular, recurring bass in socially sanctioned ways
family structure
has one of the following characteristics, a married couple without children, a married couple with one or more unmarried children, a father with one ore more unmarried children, a mother with one or more unmarried children, grandchildren living with their grandparents but no parents
nuclear family
has at least one step parent, step sibling or half sibling
blended family
consist of grandparents, children, and grandchildren living in the same household
extended or multigenerational family
is a household led by one parent by choice or following death, divorce, or separation
lone-parent family
consist of people of the same sex who live together with or without children
same sex parent families
refers to the interactions of family members, especially the quality of those relationships and interactions
family function
parents assume a leadership role in the family to guide children to learn, acceptable behaviours
parenting
rules and standards of conduct are set by the parent followed by rigidly, children do not participate in family decision making, children develop poor communication and negotiation skills, children are generally shy and self conscious
authoritarian parents
firm controls and limits are set by the parent, children are permitted to regulate their own activity as much as possible, children often control the parents and are disobedient, rebellious, and aggressive
permissive parents
is not merely a simple matter of the legal transfer of parental rights from one party to another but includes the social and emotional health of the child
adoption
refers to increases in physical parameters
growth
refers to increases in capability or function
development
developmental progression from head to toe
cephalocaudal
developmental progress that proceeds from the center of the body outward to the extremities
proximodistal
birth to 1 year
infancy
1 to 3 years
toddler
3 to 6 year
preschool
12 to 18 years
adolescence
divides psychic energy into three components of personality, the id, ego, and superego
freuds theory of psychosexual development
the unconscious mind , is the inborn component driven by instincts
id
the conscious mind serves the reality principle
ego
the conscience, functions as the moral arbitrator and represents the ideal
superego
suggests that individuals progress through life experiencing developmental crises at certain stages in life
Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development
suggests that children are greatly influenced by age, expierence, and maturational ability
piagets theory of cognitive development
explains the development of moral decision making and judgement
kohlbergs theory of moral development
what are freuds stages of development
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
understanding the world by exploring the mouth (infancy)
oral stage
learning to give and take (toddler)
anal stage
becoming aware of self as a sexual being (preschool)
phallic stage
focusing on peer relations; learing to live in groups and to achieve knowledge (school age)
latency stage
adolescence
gential stage
what are eriksons stages of development
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame
inititative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs diffusion
getting needs met. (infancy)
trust vs mistrust
trying out powers of speech (toddler)
autonomy vs shame
questioning (preschool)
initiative vs guilt
learning to win recognition by producing things (school age)
industry vs inferiority
moving toward own identity (adolescence)
identity vs diffusion
what are piaget’s developmental stages?
sensorimotor
preoperational
perceptual
concrete operations
formal operational
at birth responses are limited to reflexes (infancy)
sensorimotor
child is still egocentric (toddler)
preoperational
capable of some reasoning but can concentrate on only one aspect (preschool)
perceptual
reasoning is logical but limited to own expierence (school age)
concrete operations
acquires ability to develop abstract concepts for self (adolescence)
formal operational
what are kohlbergs stages of moral development
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
decisions are based on the desire to please others and to avoid punishment
preconventional
a conscience or internal set of standards is based on beliefs and teaching of others, such as parents q
conventional
the individual has internalized ethical standards on which to base decisions and uses awareness of the common good and ethical principles rather than relying on the standards of others
postconventional
is an infestation in the hair and is a common condition that can be difficult to eliminate
pediculosis capitis
a skin inflammation that develops in response to various stimuli
dermatitis
an inflammatory reaction of the skin to an allergen or irritating substance
contact dermatitis
is caused by a skin reaction to urine, feces, moisture, or friction that causes abrasion
diaper dermatitis
an inflammatory skin condition that reoccurs
seborrheic dermatitis
a chronic, superficial inflammatory condition that is very itchy
eczema or atopic dermatitis
an excessive loss of water from the body tissues
dehydration
occurs when there is an increase in the hypothalamic set point, the bodys thermostat-like mechanism, and when the bodys heat loss mechanism cannot dissipate excess heat production, leading to abnormally high body temp
fever
is a seizure that is associated with an illness that has caused a fever
febrile seizures
defined as frequent, abnormally watery stools
diarrhea
a generalized bacterial infection with a systemic inflammatory response
sepsis
an inflammation of the meninges caused by a bacterial or viral infection
meningitis
refers to harm, or risk of harm that a child or youth may expierence while in the care of a person whom they trust or depend on, including a parent
child maltreatment
the application og unreasonable forced by an adult or youth to any part of a childs body
physical abuse
abuse involving a child, by an adult or youth, in an act of sexual gratification, or exposure of a child to sexual contact
sexual abuse
failure by a partner or caregiver to provide the physical or psychological necessities of life to a child
neglect
adult behaviour that harms a child psychologically, emotionally, or spirtually
emotional abuse
circumstances that allow a child to be aware of violence occuring between a caregiver and their partner or between other family members
exposure to family violence
is taking action to intentionally end ones life
suicide
a neurodevelopmental condition whose exact cause is unknown. it is a persistent pattern of inattention, or hyperactivity/impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development
ADHD
a complex developmental brain disorder.
autism
a potentially life threatening eating disorder that affects mainly females.
anorexia nervosa and bulemia nervosa
is the sudden death of any infant younger than 1 year of age for whom a postmortm examination fails to determine the cause of death
sudden infant death syndrome
is inflammation of the middle ear, with the signs and symptoms of acute infection, fever and ear pain
acute otis media
is a viral infection of the nose and threat
nasopharyngitis and pharyngitis
inflammation of the tonsils and often occurs with pharyngitis
tonsillits
involves a large segment of one or more lobes
lobar pneumonia
begins in the terminal bronchoioles, which become clogged with mucopurulent exudates, and then consolidates in pathches in the nearby lobules
bronchopneumonia
an inflammation confined to the alveolar walls and peribronchial and interlobular tissues
interstitial penumonia
caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus
human infection that infects mainly children. facial characteristics of a mild rash on the cheeks of the affected child
parvovirus B19
a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease that causes difficulty breathing following exposure to certain triggers
asthma
affects the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, causing obstruction due to accumulated debris from infected cells, mucus and exudate
RSV
an inflammation and narrowing of the laryngeal and tracheal areas. cause is usually virl, and the common infectious agents are RSV, influenza, measles etc
laryngotracheobronchitis
an acute and severe inflammation of the epiglottis that caused a supraglottic airway obstruction
epiglottitis
a chronci autosomal recessive heredity disorder that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, GI tract, salivary glands, and reproductive tract
cystic fibrosis
occurs in the upper lip when the tissue does not compleatly close during the sixth week of fetal development
clef lip
occurs when the embryonic palate plates do not compleatly close at about the seventh and twelfth weeks of gestation
cleft palate
occurs when stomach contents flow back up the esophagus due to an incompetent or relaxed cardiac sphincter
GERD
occurs when a narrowed circular pyloric sphincter obstructs the flow of gastric contents into the intestine
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
occurs when a portion of intestine invaginates, or folds into, an adjacent portion. this folding causes an obstruction that does not resolve and needs emergency medical intervention
intussusception
the vermiform appendix becomes obstructed, leading to increased lumen pressure and bacterial infiltration with subsequent necrosis, perforation and peritonitis
appendicitis
occurs with disruption of the normal pattern of bowel movements, a change in regularity or consistency, or change in how easy it is to pass stool
functional constipation
is a lack of colon innervation that causes poor GI motility in the region of the colon or rectum and results in obstruction and dilation
Hirschsprung’s disease
is a gluten sensitive enteropathy in which the child has a permanent intolerance to grain gluten and associated proteins
celiac disease
occurs when part of the bowel protrudes through an abnormal hole in the abdominal wall
hernia
occurs when abdominal fluid is trapped in the scrotal sac
hydrocele
little or no reduction of blood flow to the lungs, therefore deoxygenated venous blood does not enter the systemic arterial circulation
acyanotic cardiac conditons
occurs when the ductus arteriosus remains open, instead of closing, at about 3 to 4 days after birth. as a result, blood flows from the aorta through the PDA and back to the pulmonary artery and lungs
patent ductus arteriosus defect
occurs when atrial septal tissue does not fuse properly during fetal development, creating an abnormal opening. the pressure of blood within the heart is normally higher in the left atrium than the right, therefore vlood shunts from the left to the right side of the heart through the abnormal opening
atrial septal defect
an abnormal opening in the ventricular septum that can vary from very tiny to a large defect, such as a missing septum. the higher pressure in the left ventricle causes the blood to flow through the abnormal opening to the right ventricle, leading to an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance
ventricular septal defect
a narrowing of the aortic valve causes an obstruction to the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta.
aortic valvular stenosis defect
is a narrowing at the entrance of the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle. the obstruction to blood flow increases right ventricular pressure
pulmonary stenosis
a narrowing of the aorta
coarctation of the aorta
what are the 3 types of COA
preductal
postductal
juxtaductal
are heart defects in which deoxygenated blood enters the systemic arterial circulation.
cyanotic cardiac conditions
most common cyanotic heart defect, consisting of four major abnormalities, VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary stenosis, and aorta overriding VSD.
tetralogy of fallot
the pulmonary artery and aorta exit abnormally from the opposite ventricle. thus abnormality leads to two separate circulatory patterns, in which right heart manages systemic circulation anf left hart manages pulmonary circulation
transposition of the great vessels
this is a defect of a single blood vessel instead of a seperate pulmonary artery and aorta.
truncus arteriosus
involves a variety of abnormalities, including an underdeveloped or hypoplastic left ventricle, aortic valve, mitral valve, and ascending aorta
hypoplastic left heart syndrome `
results from an inability of the heart to produce enough cardiac output to meet the bodys oxygen and metabolic needs
heart failure
is most often caused by an insufficient quantity of iron in the diet, poor absorption of iron, or a significant loss of blood
iron deficiency anemia
an inherited autosomal recessive disorder and a chronic, serious, hemolytic disorder found predominantly in people of African descent
sickle cell anemia
term used to describe genetic blood disorders characterized by insufficient synthesis of specific globulin chains of the hemoglobin molecule
thalassemia
a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which there is a deficiency in a blood clotting factor
hemophilia
is an acquired hemorrhagic disorder in which the number of circulating platelets is reduced through the destruction of platelets
immune thrombocytopenia
a malignant neoplasm of the kidney, which is the most common intra-abdominal tumour in children
Wilms’ tumour
results from a diminished or deficient secretion of pituitary hormones
hypopituitarism
deficiency of pancreatic insulin that results in chronic high blood glucose levels and poor fat and carb metabolism
DM
lead to inflammation usually caused by bacterial infections of the urethra, bladder, ureters, or kidneys
UTIs
occurs when there is a backward flow of urine in the urinary tract when voiding
vesicoureteral reflux
is an immune complex disease that may be a primary condition or can be symptomatic of a systemic disorder
acute glomerulonephritis
occurs when the urethral opening is located below the glans penis or anywhere along the ventral surface of the penile shaft
hypospadias
is repeated involuntary urination, usually at night, in a child who should have bladder control
enuresis
is a spectrum of hip abnormalities that may arise in the fetus, infant or child. hip instability may involve subluxations and dislocations, which if uncorrected, will lead to permanent disability
developmental dysplasia of the hip
a group of neurological disorders caused by injury or insult to the brain either before or during birth or in early infancy
cerebral palsy
is the most common and severe form of a group of disorders that cause progressive degeneration and weakness of skeletal muscles
duchenne muscular dystrophy
is a lateral curvature of the spine. may result from leg length discrepancy, hip or knee contractures, pain, neuromuscular disorders, or congenital malformations
idiopathic scoliosis
are breaks in the continuity of a bone when more stress is placed on the bone than it can resist
fracture
is an infection of the bone, most commonly caused by s. aureus
osteomyelitis
is excessive pressure from tissue or fluid volume within the rigid crainal vault that disrupts neurological function
ICP
