medical surgical nursing 3 Flashcards by Kaitlyn Dominie

is a decrease in the number of RBCs, the amount of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed RBCs, all of which will result in a decreased amount of oxygen being delivered to the cells

anemia

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is a deficiency of circulating RBCs due to failure of the bone marrow to produce these cells

aplastic anemia

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is an inherited childhood disorder of autosomal recessive defects, characterized by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin

sickle cell anemia

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is characterized by a deficiency of circulating platelets

thrombocytopenia

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is a feeling of discomfort in the epigastrium with a conscious desire to vomit

nausea

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is the forceful ejection of partially digested food and secretions from the upper GI tract

vomiting

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a protrusion of the stomach into the esophagus through an opening in the diaphragm

hiatus hernia

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includes conditions characterized by erosion of the GI mucosa in the lower esophagus, stomach and duodenum, and jejunum

peptic ulcer disease

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is not a disease but rather a conditions of inflammation of the gastric mucosa

gastritis

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refers to any clinically significant symptomatic condition of reflux of the gastric contents into the lower esophagus

GERD

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an inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine, resulting in vomiting and diarrhea

gastroenteritis

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an inflammation of the vermiform appendix, a narrow, fingerlike appendage found just below the ileocecal valve

appendicitis

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an inflammation of the diverticular sacs, most commonly due to obstruction with fecal matter

diverticulitis

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consists of the immunologically related disorders of chrons disease and ulcerative colitis

IBD

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characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum

ulcerative colitis

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is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory bowel disorder of unknown origin that can affect any part of the GI tract from mouth to anus

chrons disease

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results from bilirubin diffusing into tissues and giving them a yellow or greenish-yellow tinge

jaundice

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occurs when there is an increase in the number of RBCs destroyed, which increases the amount of bilirubin in the blood

hemolytic jaundice

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develops from damaged liver cells that are unable to clear bilirubin from the blood

hepatocellular jaundice

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results from an obstruction to bile flow. bile will back up into the liver and then into the blood

obstructive jaundice

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refers to stones in the gallbladder

cholelithiasis

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inflammation of the gallbladder

cholecystitis

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is an inflammation of the liver marked by liver cell destruction, necrosis, and autolysis

hepatitis

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refers to the chronic, progressive, irreversible and widespread destruction of hepatic cells, with scar tissue replacing healthy tissue

cirrhosis

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an inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic

pancreatitis

most common form of adrenal insufficiency. usually results from an autoimmune disorder

addisons disease

a spectrum of clinical abnormalities caused by excess corticosteroids, particularly glucocorticoids

cushings disease

a clinical syndrome in which there is a sustained increase in synthesis and release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

hyperthyroidism

is a state of low levels of serum thyroid hormones

hypothyroidism

occurs when ADH is released despite normal or low plasma osmolarity

SIADH

is a group of conditions associated with a deficiency of production of ADH or a decreased renal response to ADH

diabetes insipidus

a multisystem disease to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both

involves a progressive destruction of pancreatic beta cells

type 1 DM

the pancreas continues to produce some endogenous insulin, however the amount produced is either insufficient or is poorly utilized by the tissues

type 2 DM

found in pts whose blood glucose level is abnormally below 4 mmol/L

hypoglycemia

caused by an absence or a markedly inadequate amount of insulin

diabetic ketoacidosis

malignant neoplasm of the ovaries

ovarian cancer

an enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from an increase in the number of epithelial cells and stomal tissue

benign prostatic hyperplasia

refers to an infection of the renal parenchyma and collecting system

pylonephritis

indicates inflammation of the bladder wall

cystitis

inflammation of the urethra

urethritis

is a UTI that has spread into the systemic circulation and is a life threatening condition requiring emergency treatment

urosepsis

is bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of the kidney

acute pyelonephritis

a condition characterized by marked proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, dyslipidemia, and edema

nephrotic syndrome

is an inflammation of glomerular capillaries caused by an immunological process. it affects both kidneys equally and can lead to renal failure

glomerulonephritis

common genetic disease. cysts form in the renal tubules, and as they advance and increase in size, they fill the cortex and the medulla and destroy surrounding tissue by compression

polycystic kidney disease

refers to kidney disease

nephrolithiasis

stones in the urinary tract

urolithiasis

is a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid loss of renal function with progressive azotemia

acute renal failure

refers to the progressive, irreversible destruction of nephrons, resulting in systemic damage to all organs

chronic renal failure

a catheter is surgically placed through the anterior wall of the abdomen into the peritoneum

peritoneal dialysis

requires vascular access nd incorporates shunts and internal arteriovenous fistulas and grafts

hemodialysis

are characterized by unilateral or bilateral throbbing pain caused by vasodilation of the dural blood vessels that then stimulate the trigeminal nerve pain pathway

migraine headaches

are thought to be variants of migraine headaches and are characterized by repeated headaches that occur for weeks or month at a time. followed by periods of remission

cluster headaches

any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain

head injury

includes an alteration in consciousness, no matter how brief

head trauma

are the most minor type of head trauma. the scalp is very vascular and therefore can bleed profusely

scalp lacerations

may be linear, comminuted, depressed or compound, closed or open. the type and severity of a skull fracture depends on the velocity, momentum, and direction of the injuring agent and the site of impact

skull fractures

a medical emergency with a high mortality rate. the inflammatory response increases CSF production and ICP

bacterial meningitis

is most commonly caused by enterovirus, arbovirus, HIV or herpes. usually presents with headache, fever, photophobia, myalgias, and a stiff neck

viral meningitis

an acute inflammation of the brain that can be fatal. can be caused by a number of viruses, including west nile virus.

encephalitis

a purulent infection of the brain with an accumulation of pus within brain tissue. infection may be due to an ear, tooth, mastoid, or sinus infection

brain abcess

a chronic, progressive, degenerative neuromuscular disease that is characterized by inflammation of the white matter of the CNA

a disease of the basal ganglia characterized by slowing down in the initiation and execution of movement, increased muscle tone, tremor at rest, and impaired postural reflexes

parkinsons disease

a severe infection of the bone, bone marrow, and surrounding soft tissue

osteomyelitis

is a chronic, progressive, metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue

osteoporosis

a widespread, nonarticular, musculo-skeletal pain condition that causes fatigue and multiple tender points

fibromyalgia syndrome

characterized by unexplained debilitating fatigue in which any type of exertion can affect multiple organs in a person

chronic fatigue syndrome

is a noninflammatory disorder of the diarthrodial joints. it is slowly progressive, with the majority of adults being affected by age 40

osteoarthritis

a chronic, systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the connective tissue in the diarthrodial joints and surrounding tissues

rheumatoid arthritis

a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder of the connective tissue

systemic lupus erythematosus

a prevalent population issue and is a common workplace condition resulting in lost of productivity that can result in significant economic and social costs

low back pain

it is a protrusion of the nucleus pulposus between adjacent surfaces of vertebral bodies and may occur anywhere along the spine

herniated intervertebral disc

is a disruption or a break in the community of the structure of a bone, usually due to a blow to the body, a fall. or another accident

fractures

occurs when there is a sudden interruption of circulation in one or more of the cerebral blood vessels, resulting in the death of brain cells

stroke (cerebral vascular accident)

paralyzed lt side (hemiplegia) left sides neglect, spatial-perceptual deficits, tends to deny or minimize problems, rapid performance, short attention span, impulsive; safety problems, impaired time concepts

right-sided damage (stroke)

paralyzed right side: hemiplegia, impaired speech-language, impaired right-left discrimination, slow performance, cautious, aware of deficits, depression, anxiety, impaired comprehension related to language, math

left-sided damage (stroke)

inflammation or infection of the middle ear is considered the most common cause of conductive hearing loss

otitis media

vision is lost gradually due to the developing opacity of the lens or lens capsule of the eye

cataracts

refers to a group of disorders characterized by abnormally high intraocular pressure, which can damage he optic nerve

glaucoma

is a degeneration of the macula, the central area of the retina, which results in varying degrees of central vision loss

age related macular degeneration

refers to an intermittent or sustained elevation in the diastolic or systolic bp

hypertension

refers to any narrowing or obstruction of arterial lumina that interferes with cardiac perfusion

coronary artery disease

unexpected death from cardiac caused

sudden cardiac death

abnormal heartbeat

dysrhythmia

an abnormal condition involving impaired cardiac pumping

heart failure

an abnormal dilation in an arterial wall, commonly in the aorta between the renal arteries and iliac branches

abdominal aortic aneurysm

an imbalance between the supply and demand of blood and nutrients that results from the degeneration of the peripheral vascular system

peripheral vascular disease

the formation of a clot in associated with inflammation of the vein

peripheral venous disease

occurs when there is injury to the tissue of the body caused by heat, chemicals, electrical current, or radiation and can lead to many local and systemic conditions

burns

is a syndrome characterized by decreased tissue perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism

shock

is loss of intravascular fluid, either an absolute or relative volume loss

hypovolemic shock

occurs after SCI, at t5 or above. results in massive vasodilation, leading to pooling of blood in the vessels

neurogenic shock

manifested by decreased reflexes, loss of sensation, an flaccid paralysis below the level of injury

spinal shock

an acute life threatening hypersensitivity reaction that causes massive vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and release of mediators

anaphylactic shock

a systemic inflammatory response to infection

septic shock