Medical Surgical Nursing 2 Flashcards
What are the three lines of defence of the immune system?
Chemical and mechanical barriers
Inflammatory response
Immune response
What are the two immunity classifications
Innate
Acquired
Present in a person who has not been in contact with an antigen
Innate
Consequence of an invasion of the body by foreign substances, such as microbes, and the subsequent development of antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes
Active acquired immunity
One in which the host receives antibodies to an antigen, rather than synthesizing them, as with the immunoglobulins passed from mother to fetus
Passive acquired immunity
Is made up of antibody mediated immunity. This type of immunity is from antibodies that are produced in plasma
Humoral immunity
Formed in bone marrow, will differentiate into plasma cells when activated these plasma cells will produce antibodies that will recognize and attack antigens
B lymphocytes
Initiated through specific antigen recognition by t lymphocytes, or T cells
Cell mediated immunity
Develop from cells that migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they differentiate
T lymphocytes
Attack antigens on the cell membrane of the foreign pathogens, releasing cytolytic substances that destroy the pathogen
T cytotoxic cells
Recognize and kill virus infected cells, tumour cells, and transplanted cells
NK cells
Are soluble factors secreated by wbc and a variety of other cells in the body that act as messengers between the immune cell types
Cytokines
Provides protection against the effects of cell injury
Inflammation
Can be caused by heat, radiation, trauma, chemical injury, microbial injury, ischemic injury, allergens, and normal body fluids. The intensity of the response depends on the extent and severity of the injury and the health of the injured or ill person
Inflammatory response
A fragile virus transmitted only through contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. Virus can be transmitted during sexual intercourse with an infected partner, through exposure to infected blood, blood products, or needles or via pregnancy and breastfeeding
HIV
What are the symptoms of HIV?
Fever
Swollen lymph glands
Sore throat
Headaches
Malaise
Nausea
Diarrhea
Rash
What are the diagnostics for HIV?
EIA
An umbrella term for a group of disorders in which certain cells grow and multiply uncontrollably
Cancer
Is normally an orderly process in which cell progresses from a state of immaturity to a state of maturity
Cellular differentiation
Do not resemble their parent cells they take on more of the appearance and some of the behaviours of fetal cells
Malignant cells
Are normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes
Proto oncogenes
Help suppress the growth of tumours and render mutation inactive
Tumour suppressors
Are able to metastasize, infiltrate and expand, they frequently recur and have moderate to marked vascularity
Malignant tumours
What are the stages of cancer development
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
When the mutation of the cells genetic structure first occurs. Carcinogens can initiate this mutation. This is the event that causes the change in the cell. The cell is still functioning normally but has the potential to develop into a clone of a neoplastic cell
First stage initiation
Characterized by the reversible proliferation of altered cells. A cancer cell is not a health threat unless it can divide. Lifestyle choices such as obesity, diet, smoking can enhance promotion. If these behaviours improve, the promotion may be reversible. If not, the initial alteration proceeds to clinical cancer
Stage two promotion
Characterized by the increased growth rate of the tumour, as well as its invasive Ed’s and metastasis. As progression continues, the malignant tumour will develop its own blood supply
Stage three progression
a generalized term used to describe complex cancers of the blood that affect the blood and blood forming tissues of the bone marrow, lymph system, and spleen
leukemia
what are the four types of leukemia?
AML
ALL
CML
CLL
is a malignant lymphoma characterized by abnormal gigantic tumour cells called reed-sternburg cells, which are morphologically unique and thought to develop from immature lymphoid tissue
hodgkins lymphoma
a group of malignant neoplasms of primarily B-, T- or NK cells origin that can affect people of all ages
non-hodgkins lymphoma
is a chronic reactive airway disorder that is characterized by chronic inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness, causing increased mucus production
asthma
an umbrella term that refers to emphysema and chronic bronchitis, conditions characterized by airflow obstruction
COPD
an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air space distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis
emphysema
is diagnosed when an individual has had a productive cough for three or more months in each of two successive years
chronic bronchitis
is an acute or chronic infection characterized by pulmonary infiltrates and formation of granulomas with caseation, and cavitation
tuberculosis
is a form of pulmonary edema that can lead to acute respiratory failure
acute respiratory distress syndrome
is a condition of the lungs that may be acute or chronic and that is characterized by collapse of the alveoli. a blockage impedes the passage of air to and from the alveoli
atelectasis
is an obstruction of a pulmonary artery or a branch of the artery by a thrombus that has developed in the venous circulation or right side of the heart from blood, amniotic fluid, bone marrow or foreign IV material
pulmonary embolism
is air in the pleural space
pneumothorax
is an acute inflammation of the lungs that commonly impairs gas exchange. the inflammatory response causes fluid or blood to fill the lung tissue, creating an excellent environment for pathogens
pneumonia
