Medical Surgical Nursing 2

Question 1

What are the three lines of defence of the immune system?

Answer 1

Chemical and mechanical barriers
Inflammatory response
Immune response

Question 2

What are the two immunity classifications

Answer 2

Innate
Acquired

Question 3

Present in a person who has not been in contact with an antigen

Answer 3

Innate

Question 4

Consequence of an invasion of the body by foreign substances, such as microbes, and the subsequent development of antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes

Answer 4

Active acquired immunity

Question 5

One in which the host receives antibodies to an antigen, rather than synthesizing them, as with the immunoglobulins passed from mother to fetus

Answer 5

Passive acquired immunity

Question 6

Is made up of antibody mediated immunity. This type of immunity is from antibodies that are produced in plasma

Answer 6

Humoral immunity

Question 7

Formed in bone marrow, will differentiate into plasma cells when activated these plasma cells will produce antibodies that will recognize and attack antigens

Answer 7

B lymphocytes

Question 8

Initiated through specific antigen recognition by t lymphocytes, or T cells

Answer 8

Cell mediated immunity

Question 9

Develop from cells that migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they differentiate

Answer 9

T lymphocytes

Question 10

Attack antigens on the cell membrane of the foreign pathogens, releasing cytolytic substances that destroy the pathogen

Answer 10

T cytotoxic cells

Question 11

Recognize and kill virus infected cells, tumour cells, and transplanted cells

Answer 11

NK cells

Question 12

Are soluble factors secreated by wbc and a variety of other cells in the body that act as messengers between the immune cell types

Answer 12

Cytokines

Question 13

Provides protection against the effects of cell injury

Answer 13

Inflammation

Question 14

Can be caused by heat, radiation, trauma, chemical injury, microbial injury, ischemic injury, allergens, and normal body fluids. The intensity of the response depends on the extent and severity of the injury and the health of the injured or ill person

Answer 14

Inflammatory response

Question 15

A fragile virus transmitted only through contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. Virus can be transmitted during sexual intercourse with an infected partner, through exposure to infected blood, blood products, or needles or via pregnancy and breastfeeding

Answer 15

HIV

Question 16

What are the symptoms of HIV?

Answer 16

Fever
Swollen lymph glands
Sore throat
Headaches
Malaise
Nausea
Diarrhea
Rash

Question 17

What are the diagnostics for HIV?

Answer 17

EIA

Question 18

An umbrella term for a group of disorders in which certain cells grow and multiply uncontrollably

Answer 18

Cancer

Question 19

Is normally an orderly process in which cell progresses from a state of immaturity to a state of maturity

Answer 19

Cellular differentiation

Question 20

Do not resemble their parent cells they take on more of the appearance and some of the behaviours of fetal cells

Answer 20

Malignant cells

Question 21

Are normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes

Answer 21

Proto oncogenes

Question 22

Help suppress the growth of tumours and render mutation inactive

Answer 22

Tumour suppressors

Question 23

Are able to metastasize, infiltrate and expand, they frequently recur and have moderate to marked vascularity

Answer 23

Malignant tumours

Question 24

What are the stages of cancer development

Answer 24

Initiation
Promotion
Progression

Question 25

When the mutation of the cells genetic structure first occurs. Carcinogens can initiate this mutation. This is the event that causes the change in the cell. The cell is still functioning normally but has the potential to develop into a clone of a neoplastic cell

Answer 25

First stage initiation

Question 26

Characterized by the reversible proliferation of altered cells. A cancer cell is not a health threat unless it can divide. Lifestyle choices such as obesity, diet, smoking can enhance promotion. If these behaviours improve, the promotion may be reversible. If not, the initial alteration proceeds to clinical cancer

Answer 26

Stage two promotion

Question 27

Characterized by the increased growth rate of the tumour, as well as its invasive Ed’s and metastasis. As progression continues, the malignant tumour will develop its own blood supply

Answer 27

Stage three progression

Question 28

a generalized term used to describe complex cancers of the blood that affect the blood and blood forming tissues of the bone marrow, lymph system, and spleen

Answer 28

leukemia

Question 29

what are the four types of leukemia?

Answer 29

AML ALL CML CLL

Question 30

is a malignant lymphoma characterized by abnormal gigantic tumour cells called reed-sternburg cells, which are morphologically unique and thought to develop from immature lymphoid tissue

Answer 30

hodgkins lymphoma

Question 31

a group of malignant neoplasms of primarily B-, T- or NK cells origin that can affect people of all ages

Answer 31

non-hodgkins lymphoma

Question 32

is a chronic reactive airway disorder that is characterized by chronic inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness, causing increased mucus production

Answer 32

asthma

Question 33

an umbrella term that refers to emphysema and chronic bronchitis, conditions characterized by airflow obstruction

Answer 33

COPD

Question 34

an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air space distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis

Answer 34

emphysema

Question 35

is diagnosed when an individual has had a productive cough for three or more months in each of two successive years

Answer 35

chronic bronchitis

Question 36

is an acute or chronic infection characterized by pulmonary infiltrates and formation of granulomas with caseation, and cavitation

Answer 36

tuberculosis

Question 37

is a form of pulmonary edema that can lead to acute respiratory failure

Answer 37

acute respiratory distress syndrome

Question 38

is a condition of the lungs that may be acute or chronic and that is characterized by collapse of the alveoli. a blockage impedes the passage of air to and from the alveoli

Answer 38

atelectasis

Question 39

is an obstruction of a pulmonary artery or a branch of the artery by a thrombus that has developed in the venous circulation or right side of the heart from blood, amniotic fluid, bone marrow or foreign IV material

Answer 39

pulmonary embolism

Question 40

is air in the pleural space

Answer 40

pneumothorax

Question 41

is an acute inflammation of the lungs that commonly impairs gas exchange. the inflammatory response causes fluid or blood to fill the lung tissue, creating an excellent environment for pathogens

Answer 41

pneumonia