medical surgical nursing

Question 1

the state of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body

Answer 1

homeostasis

Question 2

found within the cell
comprises about 42% of body weight and is about 30l in total volume
most prevalent cation is potassium
the most prevalent anion is phosphate

Answer 2

intracellular fluid

Question 3

fluid found between cells and in the plasma space
interstitial fluid bathes the cells and makes up 2/3 of _____
most prevalent anion is chloride
most prevalent cation is sodium
intravascular fluid makes up the last third of _____

Answer 3

extracellular fluid

Question 4

fluid found between cells and in the plasma space
interstitial fluid bathes the cells and makes up 2/3 of _____
most prevalent anion is chloride
most prevalent cation is sodium
intravascular fluid makes up the last third of _____

Answer 4

extracellular fluid

Question 5

includes cerebrospinal fluid, digestive secretions in the gi tract, and fluid in the pleural spaces and peritoneal spaces

Answer 5

transcellular fluid

Question 6

distribution of fluid in icf and ecf is within normal limits

Answer 6

first spacing

Question 7

abnormal accumulation of fluid within the interstitial space, also known as edema
fluid accumulates in a part of the body where it is not easily exchanged with ecf

Answer 7

second spacing

Question 8

fluid shifts from the vascular space into an area where it is not available for any physiological process
fluid is trapped and does not participate in normal functions of the ecf

Answer 8

third spacing

Question 9

can occur with the loss of normal body fluids such as in the case of diarrhea, hemorrhage, decreased intake or plasma loss due to interstitial fluid shift

Answer 9

hypovolemia

Question 10

may result from the excessive intake of fluids, abnormal retention of fluids, or interstitial loss to plasma fluid shift

Answer 10

hypervolemia

Question 11

what is the normal range for sodium

Answer 11

135 to 145

Question 12

plays a major role in electrolyte balance. this role includes its effect on ecf volume and concentration, the generation and transmission of nerve impulses, and avoid base balance

Answer 12

sodium

Question 13

is elevated serum sodium occurring with water loss or sodium gain

Answer 13

hypernatremia

Question 14

a decreased level of serum of sodium, can result from a loss of sodium containing fluids or from excess water

Answer 14

hyponatremia

Question 15

what are the normal levels of potassium?

Answer 15

3.5 to 5

Question 16

is necessary for the transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, the maintenance of normal cardiac rhythm, skeletal muscle contraction, and acid base balance

Answer 16

potassium

Question 17

the condition of an excessive amount of potassium in the body can result from renal failure, potassium sparing diuretics and increased intake of potassium

Answer 17

hyperkalemia

Question 18

can result from the increased secretion of aldosterone, the use of loop diuretics, severe vomiting, or severe diarrhea and is associated with magnesium deficiency

Answer 18

hypokalemia

Question 19

what are the normal levels of calcium?

Answer 19

2.25 to 2.75

Question 20

is obtained through food sources. has an inverse relationship with phosphorus, is stored in bones. blocks transport and stabilizes cell membranes

Answer 20

calcium

Question 21

can result from hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, vit D overdose, and prolonged immobilization

Answer 21

hypercalcemia

Question 22

can result from the decreased production of PTH acute pancreatitis, multiple blood transfusions, alkalosis, and the decreased intake of calcium

Answer 22

hypocalcemia

Question 23

what are the normal levels of phosphate?

Answer 23

0.97 to 1.45

Question 24

can result from acute or chronic renal failure, chemo, excessive ingestion of milk or phosphate containing laxatives

Answer 24

hyperphosphatemia

Question 25

Can result from malnourishment or malabsorption, alcohol withdrawal, and the use of phosphate binding antacids

Answer 25

Hypophosphatemia

Question 26

What are the normal levels of magnesium

Answer 26

0.65 to 1.05

Question 27

Acts directly on the myoneural junction. It is also improving for normal cardiac function

Answer 27

Magnesium

Question 28

Can result from an increased intake or ingestion of products containing magnesium when renal insufficiency or failure is present

Answer 28

Hypermagnesemia

Question 29

Can result from prolonged fasting or starvation, chronic alcoholism, prolonged parenteral nutrition without supplementation, diuretics, osmotic diuretics or high glucose levels

Answer 29

Hypomagnesemia

Question 30

Are used to maintain fluid balance when oral intake is not adequate and to replace fluids and electrolytes when fluid losses have occurred and electrolytes are out of balance

Answer 30

IV fluids

Question 31

What are the three regulating mechanisms to maintain acid base homeostasis?

Answer 31

Chemical buffer regulators
Respiratory regulators
Renal regulators

Question 32

Comprises the primary chemical regulators that act immediately. They are found in the blood and tissues and include bicarbonate, proteins, and hemoglobin

Answer 32

Buffer regulator system

Question 33

Eliminates co2 and water which when joined are carbonic acid, thus eliminating acid from the body through respiration

Answer 33

Respiratory regulator system

Question 34

The most powerful of the Kidneys secrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions. This activity is increased when the ph is acidotic and decreases when the ph is alkaotic

Answer 34

Renal regulator system