medical surgical nursing Flashcards
the state of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body
homeostasis
found within the cell
comprises about 42% of body weight and is about 30l in total volume
most prevalent cation is potassium
the most prevalent anion is phosphate
intracellular fluid
fluid found between cells and in the plasma space
interstitial fluid bathes the cells and makes up 2/3 of _____
most prevalent anion is chloride
most prevalent cation is sodium
intravascular fluid makes up the last third of _____
extracellular fluid
fluid found between cells and in the plasma space
interstitial fluid bathes the cells and makes up 2/3 of _____
most prevalent anion is chloride
most prevalent cation is sodium
intravascular fluid makes up the last third of _____
extracellular fluid
includes cerebrospinal fluid, digestive secretions in the gi tract, and fluid in the pleural spaces and peritoneal spaces
transcellular fluid
distribution of fluid in icf and ecf is within normal limits
first spacing
abnormal accumulation of fluid within the interstitial space, also known as edema
fluid accumulates in a part of the body where it is not easily exchanged with ecf
second spacing
fluid shifts from the vascular space into an area where it is not available for any physiological process
fluid is trapped and does not participate in normal functions of the ecf
third spacing
can occur with the loss of normal body fluids such as in the case of diarrhea, hemorrhage, decreased intake or plasma loss due to interstitial fluid shift
hypovolemia
may result from the excessive intake of fluids, abnormal retention of fluids, or interstitial loss to plasma fluid shift
hypervolemia
what is the normal range for sodium
135 to 145
plays a major role in electrolyte balance. this role includes its effect on ecf volume and concentration, the generation and transmission of nerve impulses, and avoid base balance
sodium
is elevated serum sodium occurring with water loss or sodium gain
hypernatremia
a decreased level of serum of sodium, can result from a loss of sodium containing fluids or from excess water
hyponatremia
what are the normal levels of potassium?
3.5 to 5
is necessary for the transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, the maintenance of normal cardiac rhythm, skeletal muscle contraction, and acid base balance
potassium
the condition of an excessive amount of potassium in the body can result from renal failure, potassium sparing diuretics and increased intake of potassium
hyperkalemia
can result from the increased secretion of aldosterone, the use of loop diuretics, severe vomiting, or severe diarrhea and is associated with magnesium deficiency
hypokalemia
what are the normal levels of calcium?
2.25 to 2.75
is obtained through food sources. has an inverse relationship with phosphorus, is stored in bones. blocks transport and stabilizes cell membranes
calcium
can result from hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, vit D overdose, and prolonged immobilization
hypercalcemia
can result from the decreased production of PTH acute pancreatitis, multiple blood transfusions, alkalosis, and the decreased intake of calcium
hypocalcemia
what are the normal levels of phosphate?
0.97 to 1.45
can result from acute or chronic renal failure, chemo, excessive ingestion of milk or phosphate containing laxatives
hyperphosphatemia
