Period 3 Flashcards
What were post-Classical trade networks like compared to the Classical Era?
Deepening and widening of networks of human interaction
- concentration of wealth
- intensification of cross- cultural exchanges
SILK ROADS
What is a pastoral or nomadic group that played a key role in creating and sustaining trade networks? How?
Mongols
What existing trade routes flourished?
Silk Road, Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan, and Mediterreanean. For the most part, they went from East to West
What new trade routes were added?
Andes, Mesoamerica. They went from North to South, and did not have as much volume due to the absence of the wheel and domesticated animals.
What technologies enabled the growth of inter-regional trade networks?
- more sophisticated caravan organization (caravansarai, camel saddles) (trans-Saharan)
- use of the compass (China), astrolabe (Greco-Roman), larger ship designs (dhow, junk)
- new forms of credit and monetization (bills of exchange, credit, flying money)
What factors encouraged economic growth?
New state practices (minting of coins, use of paper money)
New trading organizations (Hanseatic League) > protected merchants, regulated trade
New stat sponsored commercial infrastructure (Grand Canal) > started by Sui completed by Song
How did the expansion of empires and trade networks affect the relationship between peoples inside vs outside those zones?
Expansion of existing empires (China, Byzantine Empire, Caliphates) New empires (Mongols) facilitated trade and communication as new people we were drawn into their conquerors economies and trade networks > brought security, justice, safety to Silk Roas, taxed, Chinese goods = brought to ME > connected
What were the effects of migration?
Spread of languages, creation of new languages
The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes depended on the understanding of environment and technological adaptations.
What are some examples of adaptations?
Vikings using longboats to travel in coastal and open water
Arabs and Berbers adapting camels to travel across Sahara
C. Asian pastoral groups used horses to travel in the steppes
What did the Bantu people bring as they migrated?
Language, small traditions, iron- smelting technology
What are some examples of the environmental effects of migration?
Migration of agricultural Bantu- speaking peoples in forested regions of Sub-Saharan Africa
Maritime migrations of Polynesian peoples, cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands
What are some examples of the linguistic effects of migration?
Diffusion of new languages, emergence of new ones:
• the spread of Bantu languages
• the new language of Swahili, developed in E African coastal areas
• spread of Turkic and Arabic languages > Muslim merchants
What did trade networks foster?
Cultural diffusion
Why and where did Muslim trade networks change?
Islam expanded from the Arabian Peninsula to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion and the activities of merchants and missionaries.
~Islam typically adapted to existing local customs~
• no veil in Mali
What institutions did merchants create to foster trade and cultural diffusion?
Diaspora communities
Who was Ibn Battuta and what did he do?
K
Who was Marco Polo and what did he do?
J
Who was Xuangzang and what did he do?
F
How did post-classical trade affect the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions?
Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia
TANG> Korea, Japan, Vietnam
What are some examples of scientific and technological traditions that diffused?
Greek and Indian math on Muslim scholars
Return of Greek science and philosophy to w. Europe via Muslims who preserved and translated
Spread of printing and gunpowder tech from E Asia into Islamic empires and W Europe through ~Silk Road~
What new foods, crops, and agricultural practices diffused?
- Bananas in Africa
- Champa rice in E Asia
- Muslim African Rev (sugar, citrus from trade routes)
What diseases spread via trade routes? What did this cause?
Black Death- from E Asia/ China, 1/3 W Europeans died, ended serfdom, Jews = blamed
How did post-classical states avoid the mistakes of classical empires in the regions where they collapsed?
Reconstituted government, combines sources of power and legitimacy (patriarchy, religion, land- owning elites, Mandate of Heaven) with new innovations (new methods of taxation, tributary systems, adaptation of religious institutions)
Byzantine Empire = built on Rome, Greco-Roman art, ideas, etc. > caesarpapism= head of state and church, after split of church
How and where did governmental diffusion occur?
Persian > Islamic states Chinese traditions (architecture, feng sui, Confucian hierarchy) > Japan
How did states in the Americas develop?
They expanded in scope and reach, wealth and power of elites = those in Afro-Eurasia
What technological and cultural exchanges did states encourage?
Tang China> Abbasids
Mongol empires
Crusades > spread of Islamic ideas
MING AND ZHENG HE
What new innovations affected agriculture in the post-classical era?
Champ rice
Chinampa field systems (floating gardens)> Mesoamericaf
Waru waru raised field cultivation in Andes
Improved terracing techniques
Horse collar > W Europe
3 field system
How did textile and porcelain production develop?
Increased trade = increased wealth
Increased wealth = increased demand for luxury goods
Why did some post- classical urban areas decline while others prospered and grew?
Decline: war, disease, decline in agri productivity
Revival: end of invasions, safe transport, more commerce, more Agri prod and thus pop and labor
How did social and labor systems develop?
- free peasant agriculture > serfs, medieval manors
- nomadic pastoralist > followed animals, feared by settled
- craft production and guilds > protected
- slavery
- gov imposed labor taxes and military obligations> mi’ta> Inca> requires community service
How did social and gender hierarchies develop?
Patriarchy, but women had more power in some places
• Mali- more public
• Japan- educated, writers
• SE Asia, married merchants, multicultural, translators
•Mongols- on move like men
What new labor forms developed?
Serfdom in Europe and Japan> feudalism
•Elaboration of mi’ta in Inca Empire
• more slaves due to an increase in elite
What is Islam? What is a Muslim?
Submission to the will of God and someone who makes it.
What was Muhammad’s role in Islam?
He was the last of God’s messengers.
What did Muslims believe Jews and Christians were negligent in doing?
Preserving God’s word. They saw Muhammad’s revelation as more perfect than the Bible.
What did the spread of Islam lead to?
Urbanization- extensive knowledge wasn’t required to convert.
Few converts spoke Arabic and could read the Qu’ran, which led to what?
Time spent with Muslims to learn the language and imitate practices
Where did converts go?
Converts migrated to Arab governing centers to avert discrimination. Christian patriarchal cities shrank as a result.
What happened due to a lack of central religious authority in Islam?
Local variations developed. Islam had the flexibility to accommodate many different social situations.
What did urban growth expand?
The consumer market. Citrus, rice, and sugar cane spread. Coinage facilitated trade and encouraged the creation of goods.
What flourished due to the spread of Islam?
Science and technology. Muslim doctors and astronomers had advanced skills and theories.
What was Islam’s effect on women?
They were secluded, covered, and had no public roles. They had greater status and could inherit property. They could initiate divorce sometimes, practice birth control, testify in court, and make the pilgrimage.
What did Islam allow the slavery of? What did this cause?
Non-Muslims. Many slaves converted.
How did Islam spread?
trade, appeal to unprivileged peoples such as women and the lower class, frequent military campaigns, and raiding other lands.
Gradual conversion to Islam in conquered populations led to what in the Abbasid Caliphate?
The fading of social discrimination against non-Arabs. Arabs lost a strong connection to kinship and ethnic identity.
The Mongols were what? What were the effects of this lifestyle?
Nomads. They moved a lot, so quick, public decision making was needed. A council of representatives ratified the decisions of the khan.
Genghis Khan’s family lived off what?
They lived off tribute, so less time and resources were spent on herding, and more on warfare to gain more tributary states.
How did Genghis Khan expand and control territories?
Warfare: catapults, horses, crossbows, iron weapons
They controlled territory by making them pay tribute.
What happened in 1265?
The Mongol Empire split up after Khublai Khan announced himself as Great Khan
What was the impact of Marco Polo’s narratives in Europe?
They promoted trade interest with China, which eventually led to an easier route. They also gained knowledge about gunpowder, moveable type, bronze cannons, metallurgy, math, and astronomy.
What was the impact of the Mongols on Yuan China?
They permanently reunited the Song territories, city populations increased, the capital was moved to Beijing. The Mongols were at the top of the social hierarchy.
How did the Ming emperors show rejection of the Mongols?
They cut off trade.
Why did Ming economy suffer after Yongle?
There was no emphasis on merchants. Confucian ideology was reinstated, and there was less trade and commercial development.
What were the commercial products and literature of the Ming?
Porcelain, furniture, screens, and silk.
Luo Guanzhong- Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms
What was the original religion of the Mongols?
Shamanism- rituals in which special individuals influenced/ visited the supernatural world. They believed in world leadership by a khan, who could speak to/ for an ultimate god.
Most families believed in 2 or more religions.
What happened after the death of Genghis Khan in 1227?
His son Ogodei continued to assault China. He destroyed the Tanggut and Jin.
What happened to cities that resisted Mongol attack?
Mass slaughter and starvation. Surrendering gave them food, shelter, and protection. The Mongols used bloodletting to spread terror, so it was easier to persuade cities to surrender.
After the Mongols murdered the last caliph, what happened?
Batu, who had established the Golden Horde, converted to Islam and said he would avenge the last caliph which led to a conflict between the Il-Khan and Golden Horde. Ghazan of the Il-Khans became Muslim in 1295, which resolved the conflict.
What were Mongol advancements?
astronomy, calendar, eclipse prediction, use of epicycles, adopted Indian numerical system
What was the Mongol affect on Russia?
Bubonic Plague, Ukraine suffered severe population loss as the Mongols passed through.
The Mongols didn’t outnumber their enemies, so how were they able to conquer them?
They were nomads, so they had abilities on horseback and superior bows. They fought with swords, lances, javelins, and maces.
They used flaming arrows, and projectiles from catapults.
What were some effects of Mongol rule?
- new styles and quantities of silk were brought westward, as well as porcelain
- they facilitated trade, which spread culture and ideas
- Bubonic plague
What led to the decline of the Yuan?
There was war and overtaxation. Farmers were evicted and were heavily taxed. Female infanticide, southward movement of people fleeing the Mongols, Yellow River flooding, Bubonic Plague.
In the 1340s there were power contests among Mongol princes. Chinese leader Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the Yuan and brought China under the control of the Ming Empire.
The Ming dynasty didn’t dominate all of what? What is the consequence of this?
Mongols. The Mongols paid tribute to facilitate trade, but they were still a threat.
Zhu Yuanzhang used what Confucianism to do what?
To emphasize the greatness of the emperor and justify war on “barbarians.”
What did Zhu Yuanzhang do?
- Ended relations with the Mongols, limited exports and visitors
- Military service became a hereditary obligation
What did Yongle do?
He moved the capital to Beijing
- restored commercial links with the Middle East
- explored maritime connections
- focused on the southern frontier
Who was Zheng He and what did he do?
He was a Muslim, so he had good knowledge of the Middle East. His religion eased relations with the states of the Indian subcontinent, which he traveled to on his first 3 voyages.
- He visited Chinese merchant communities in SE Asia to cement alliances with the Ming and collect taxes
- Pursued commercial relations that publicized Yong’es reversal of Hongwu’s opposition to foreign trade
- Added 50 new tributary states
Why did maritime exploration stop after Yongle’s death?
The Ming focused on fortifying the north, redesigning/ strengthening Beijing, and military expeditions versus the Mongols
What were Ming motivations for pursuing maritime trade?
enhancing commerce, promoting trade, and inspiring awe of Ming power and achievements
What ships did Zheng He use and what did they carry?
- carried Arabic-speaking Chinese interpreters, recorded customs of visited peoples
- carried silk, precious metals, other goods
- stimulated trade between China and the South
What contributed to/ coincided with the Crusades?
W. European revival
What were some cultural impacts of the Crusades?
- ## more goods from the east were consumed, ideas and art styles from Islamic lands were borrowed.
What were the impacts of the Crusades?
- exposure to Muslim culture- Europeans became aware of items lacking in their own lives
- Arabic translations of and commentaries on Greek scientific and philosophical works
- Original works by Arabs and Iranians
What were some improvements of the Late Middle Ages?
- water wheels
- waterpower allowed for the expansion of iron making
- westward expansion of the Mongol Empire opened trade to Italy
- Hanseatic League> traded in Baltic
- Raw wool —-> fine cloth
- increase in the volume of trade
- papermaking spread
- production of silk and cotton textiles
