Chapter 12: Mongol Eurasia And Its Aftermath Flashcards
What was the Mongol way of life, and how were decisions ratified?
They were nomadic and pastoral. They had a council with representatives from powerful families who ratified decisions.
How did Genghis Khan expand and control territories?
Warfare: catapults, horses, crossbows, iron weapons
They controlled territory by making them pay tribute.
What happened in 1265?
The Mongol Empire split up after Khublai Khan announced himself as Great Khan
What was the impact of Marco Polo’s narratives in Europe?
They promoted trade interest with China, which eventually led to an easier route. They also gained knowledge about gunpowder, moveable type, bronze cannons, metallurgy, math, and astronomy.
Why was there conflict between the Il-Khans and the Golden Khanate?
Baghdad was sacked, and the Il-Khan was formed. They killed the last Caliph, and the Golden Horde, Who were Muslims, wanted revenge. The Il-Khans later converted to Islam.
Who attacked Muslim sultanates in Delhi?
Timur, the Khan of Jagadai.
What is tax farming?
The selling of contracts to corporations who in turn get to keep extra money that is not given to the government.
What were some Timurid advancements?
Astronomy. Timurid was in a trade crossroads, so there was cultural flourishing.
Who attempted to write the world’s first history?
Rashid al-Din of the Il-Khan
Who were Stephan Dushan, Alexander Nevskii, and Ivan III?
Stephan Dushan: declared himself leader of eastern Europe during the collapse of the Byzantine.
Alexander Nevskii: the prince of Novogorod. He persuaded some fellow princes to submit to the Mongols.
Ivan III: prince of Moscow who established himself as an autocratic ruler in the late 1400s.
How did the Mongols affect the Russian Orthodox Church?
They cooperated, so the Orthodox Church got priveleges.
What was the impact of the Mongols on Yuan China?
They permanently reunited the Song territories, city populations increased, the capital was moved to Beijing. The Mongols were at the top of the social hierarchy.
How did the Ming emperors show rejection of the Mongols?
They cut off trade.
Why did Ming economy suffer after Yongle?
There was no emphasis on merchants. Confucian ideology was reinstated, and there was less trade and commercial development.
What were the commercial products and literature of the Ming?
Porcelain, furniture, screens, and silk.
Luo Guanzhong- Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms
What were some Yi Korea advancements?
cotton, movable type, bronze cannons, gunpowder, printing, and literacy.
What was the relationship between the Mongols and the Koryo family like?
They became linked to the Great Khan by marriage.
What stopped the Mongols from invading Japan? What was the impact of this?
A typhoon/ kamikaze. This led to a more centralized government that focused more on military.
What was the original religion of the Mongols?
Shamanism- rituals in which special individuals influenced/ visited the supernatural world. They believed in world leadership by a khan, who could speak to/ for an ultimate god.
Most families believed in 2 or more religions.
What happened after the death of Genghis Khan in 1227?
His son Ogodei continued to assault China. He destroyed the Tanggut and Jin.
Who attacked Russia?
Batu
Unity began to unravel after whose death in 1241? What happened?
Ogodei’s death. Khubilai declared himself the Great Khan, and the other family members did not accept this.
What happened to cities that resisted Mongol attack?
Mass slaughter and starvation. Surrendering gave them food, shelter, and protection. The Mongols used bloodletting to spread terror, so it was easier to persuade cities to surrender.
What happened to cities that resisted Mongol attack?
Mass slaughter and starvation. Surrendering gave them food, shelter, and protection. The Mongols used bloodletting to spread terror, so it was easier to persuade cities to surrender.
After the Mongols murdered the last caliph, what happened?
Batu, who had established the Golden Horde, converted to Islam and said he would avenge the last caliph which led to a conflict between the Il-Khan and Golden Horde. Ghazan of the Il-Khans became Muslim in 1295, which resolved the conflict.
The Il-Khans used tax farming to extract maximum wealth which led to what?
Many landowners were driven into debt and servitude. Agriculture and tax base decreased, and the Il-Khans eventually sank into a depression.
Who was Timur and what did he do?
He was the leader of the Khanate of Jagadai. He launched campaigns into Eurasia, and saw himself as the new Genghis Khan. He was an in-law, so he couldn’t assume the title Khan.
He sacked the Muslim sultanate of Delhi
defeated the sultan of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia
His descendants-Timurids- didn’t hold the empire together, and laid the groundwork for the Mughals.
Who was Nasir al-Din Tusi?
A Shi’ite scholar. He began the Mongol interest in science traditions of Muslim lands.
What were Mongol advancements?
astronomy, calendar, eclipse prediction, use of epicycles, adopted Indian numerical system
After the defeat of the Russian and Kipchak army in 1223, what happened to the Golden Horde?
It began as a unified state but fragmented into smaller khanates. It ruled Russian domains from afar, and gave the Orthodox Church privileges. Russian princes were enlisted as agents, tax collectors, and census takers.
What was the Mongol affect on Russia?
Bubonic Plague, Ukraine suffered severe population loss as the Mongols passed through.
What was the Mongol effect on Russia?
Bubonic Plague, Ukraine suffered severe population loss as the Mongols passed through.
What did the Ottoman Empire do in the late 1300s?
They established themselves in Anatolia and crossed into Europe to take part in the dynastic struggles of a declining Byzantine Empire. They were defeated by Timur in 1402. In 1453 Sultan Mehmet II captured Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire. Ottoman sultans seized political opportunity of the decay of Mongol power, and created new states with a strong emphasis on religious and linguistic identity.
What were lamas and who were they popular with?
They were the Buddhist priests from Tibet. They were popular with some Mongol rulers in the 1200s-1300s.
What were the social rankings of Yuan China?
Mongols- warriors
C. Asians and Middle Easterners- census takers and tax collectors.
N. Chinese- under Mongol control earlier than S.
S. Chinese
What led to the decline of the Yuan?
There was war and overtaxation. Farmers were evicted and were heavily taxed. Female infanticide, southward movement of people fleeing the Mongols, Yellow River flooding, Bubonic Plague.
In the 1340s there were power contests among Mongol princes. Chinese leader Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the Yuan and brought China under the control of the Ming Empire.
What occured after the establishment of Ming China?
Relations with the Mongols were ended, and there were limited imports and foreign visitors. The Ming government gradually came to resemble that of the Yuan.
Who was Zheng He and what did he do?
He was a trusted imperial eunuch in Ming China. He went on a naval expedition and added 50 new tributary states.
What was the Mongol effect on Japan and Annam?
They escaped became more effective and expansive
What was the Mongol effect on Korea?
They were conquered and gained interest in their own language and history
