Chapter 21: Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850 Flashcards
What was the Seven Years War?
French v British in Americas over control of N. America
-British won, forced France to surrender holdings in India
What distinguished the colonial wars from earlier wars?
Enormous cost. Traditional taxes no longer covered them.
What was the Enlightenment?
an intellectual movement that applied the methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution to the study of human society?
What did John Locke say?
governments were created to protect life, liberty, and property, and that people had the right to rebel when the monarch violated these rights.
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau say?
people are basically good, but become corrupted by society
the will of the people is sacred, and the legitimacy of the monarch depended on the consent of the peopler
What did Locke and Rousseau both believe?
Government rested on the will of the people.
Did European monarchs embrace reform proposals?
Only when they served royal interests. They suppressed radical ideas that promoted republicanism or attacked religion.
There were too many channels to suppress, and censorship enhanced intellectual reputations, found patronage with foreign rivals
How did women contribute to the Revolution?
Hosted salons- intellectual discussions
What did Benjamin Franklin do?
Ran away to Philadelphia- printer and publisher, Poor Richard’s Almanac
Served as Pennsylvania delegate to Congress
What happened with folk cultures?
They felt threatened by Enlightenment reformers- banning and altering of harvest festivals, religious holidays, county fairs, etc.
After defeating the French in 1763 the British government faced the likelihood of what? What did they try to do about this?
Renewed conflict and increased military expenses in N. American colonies.
They tried to contain costs by lowering the $ paid for furs and refusing to give gifts and pay rent for frontier forts to Amerindian peoples
What was the Proclamation of 1763?
The British government sought to establish a western limit for settlement, which provoked resentment.
What did British efforts to transfer the cost of imperial wars to colonists cause?
Rebellion, support for complete break with Britain rose after the Boston Massacre
Parliament tried to calm by repealing taxes and duties, granted a monopoly for importing tea to colonies, protestors dumped tea into Boston harbor
Who were allies and potential enemies to the French and British after the Declaration of Independence was approved?
The Mohawk, Joseph Brant organized Britain’s strongest force along the Canadian border
What were the Articles of Confederation?
The first constitution- 1-house legislature, each state had one vote, majority passed legislation, 9 were needed to declare war, impose taxes, coin or borrow $, executive power = committees
What was the Constitutional Convention?
A meeting in 1797 of elected representatives of the 13 original states to rewrite the Constitution, secretly made new one
What happened to slaves after the US Constitution was rewritten?
The slave trade continued for 20 years, slaves counted for 3/5 of a person in population
What began the fiscal crisis in France?
The expenses of the War of Austrian Succession, 7 Years War, supported American Revolution
What wouldn’t the Estates General tolerate?
An increase in their own taxes, THis created the conditions for a political revolution.
The members of the 3 estates met together, causing what?
The self-declaration of the National Assembly. ALl 3 estates came together and demanded radical change. They were locked out of their meeting place, so they took an indoor tennis court and pledged to write the constitution.
What accentuated the fiscal crisis?
Bad harvests beginning in 1785- bread prices increased, leading to an economic depression and lowered demand for nonessentials.
What did the people of Paris do when they heard that the king was getting troops in Versailles to arrest representatives?
They attacked the Bastille and paraded with the guards’ heads.
What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man like compared to the Declaration of Independence?
It was more sweeping and guaranteed the free expression of ideas, equality before the law, and representative government.
What happened after Louis XVI was convicted of treason?
The National Convention met.
Who were Jacobins? “The Mountain?”
Radical republicans. The Mountain had the highest rank, and were more sympathetic to the demands of the working class.
Who was Maximilien Robespierre and what did he do?
He was a young lawyer from the provinces, influenced by Rousseau’s ideas. He was the head of the Committee of Public Safety and took control.
What happened during the Reign of Terror?
Execution, death, priests were forced to marry, a new calendar with 10 day weeks, no Christian Sunday
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte and what did he do?
He was a general in the French army who seized power 2 years after the Directory lost the election of 1797. POPULAR AUTHORITARIANISM
What did Napoleon’s system depend on?
The success of French arms and diplomacy.
What were Napoleon’s military failures?
Britain thwarted plans to dominate Europe.
Invaded Portugal, Spain
Invaded Russia but had to retreat- FAIL
Austria and Prussia deserted, allied with England and Russia, Napoleon= forced to abdicate - FAIL
What was the Concordat of 1801?
French Catholics were given the right to freely practice, recognized gov’s authority to nominate bishops and keep priests on state payroll
What was the Civil Code of 1804?
Rewriting of law- equality in law and protection of property, but discrimination v. women increased
What were conditions like in Saint Domingue?
A brutal slave regime- harsh punishments and poor working conditions, high mortality and low fertility rates
Who sent representatives to Paris after the calling of the Estates General?
White planters and gens de couleur (free mixed-race population, focused on ending racial discrimination and achieving political equality)- didn;t seek freedom for slaves because they were slave owners
The whites and gens de couleur were engaged in warfare, which led to a slave rebellion. Who did rebel slaves gain the upper hand under?
Francois Domingue Toussaint L’ Overture, a former domestic slave who created a military force and freed slaves in Santo Domingo
What was the Congress of Vienna?
A meeting of representatives of Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia in 1814-1815. Their objective was to roll back the clock on France.
What did the Congress of Vienna do?
Reestablished the monarchy and recognized 1792 borders.
What happened to Greece as popular support for national self-determination and democratic reform increased?
Greek patriots launched an independence movement after being under Ottoman control since the 15th century in 1821. Russia, France, and Great Britain forced the Ottoman Empire to recognize Greek independence in 1830.
What were the Revolutions of 1848?
Members of the middle and working class united to overthrow the regime of Louis Philippe and create the 2nd French Republic, began in Paris.
What did the Revolutions of 1848 achieve?
Adult men got the right to vote, slavery was abolished in French colonies, the death penalty ended, and there was a 10 hour work day for Paris.
Who was elected in 1848 to establish order?
Louis Napoleon. He overturned the constitution and became Emperor Napoleon III.
