Chapter 21: Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850 Flashcards
What was the Seven Years War?
French v British in Americas over control of N. America
-British won, forced France to surrender holdings in India
What distinguished the colonial wars from earlier wars?
Enormous cost. Traditional taxes no longer covered them.
What was the Enlightenment?
an intellectual movement that applied the methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution to the study of human society?
What did John Locke say?
governments were created to protect life, liberty, and property, and that people had the right to rebel when the monarch violated these rights.
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau say?
people are basically good, but become corrupted by society
the will of the people is sacred, and the legitimacy of the monarch depended on the consent of the peopler
What did Locke and Rousseau both believe?
Government rested on the will of the people.
Did European monarchs embrace reform proposals?
Only when they served royal interests. They suppressed radical ideas that promoted republicanism or attacked religion.
There were too many channels to suppress, and censorship enhanced intellectual reputations, found patronage with foreign rivals
How did women contribute to the Revolution?
Hosted salons- intellectual discussions
What did Benjamin Franklin do?
Ran away to Philadelphia- printer and publisher, Poor Richard’s Almanac
Served as Pennsylvania delegate to Congress
What happened with folk cultures?
They felt threatened by Enlightenment reformers- banning and altering of harvest festivals, religious holidays, county fairs, etc.
After defeating the French in 1763 the British government faced the likelihood of what? What did they try to do about this?
Renewed conflict and increased military expenses in N. American colonies.
They tried to contain costs by lowering the $ paid for furs and refusing to give gifts and pay rent for frontier forts to Amerindian peoples
What was the Proclamation of 1763?
The British government sought to establish a western limit for settlement, which provoked resentment.
What did British efforts to transfer the cost of imperial wars to colonists cause?
Rebellion, support for complete break with Britain rose after the Boston Massacre
Parliament tried to calm by repealing taxes and duties, granted a monopoly for importing tea to colonies, protestors dumped tea into Boston harbor
Who were allies and potential enemies to the French and British after the Declaration of Independence was approved?
The Mohawk, Joseph Brant organized Britain’s strongest force along the Canadian border
What were the Articles of Confederation?
The first constitution- 1-house legislature, each state had one vote, majority passed legislation, 9 were needed to declare war, impose taxes, coin or borrow $, executive power = committees
What was the Constitutional Convention?
A meeting in 1797 of elected representatives of the 13 original states to rewrite the Constitution, secretly made new one
What happened to slaves after the US Constitution was rewritten?
The slave trade continued for 20 years, slaves counted for 3/5 of a person in population
What began the fiscal crisis in France?
The expenses of the War of Austrian Succession, 7 Years War, supported American Revolution
What wouldn’t the Estates General tolerate?
An increase in their own taxes, THis created the conditions for a political revolution.
The members of the 3 estates met together, causing what?
The self-declaration of the National Assembly. ALl 3 estates came together and demanded radical change. They were locked out of their meeting place, so they took an indoor tennis court and pledged to write the constitution.
What accentuated the fiscal crisis?
Bad harvests beginning in 1785- bread prices increased, leading to an economic depression and lowered demand for nonessentials.
What did the people of Paris do when they heard that the king was getting troops in Versailles to arrest representatives?
They attacked the Bastille and paraded with the guards’ heads.
What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man like compared to the Declaration of Independence?
It was more sweeping and guaranteed the free expression of ideas, equality before the law, and representative government.
What happened after Louis XVI was convicted of treason?
The National Convention met.