Chapter 29: The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929-1949 Flashcards
What methods did Stalin use to industrialize?
5 Year Plans- plans introduced to industrialize the USSR rapidly
What was collectivization?
elimination of private farms, food taken to feed state, intro’d industrial life
What were some responses to collectivization?
Many peasants fought back- Ukrainian kulaks- murdered, torched crops, killed livestock
What was Stalin’s response to the peasants fighting back against collectivization?
No tolerance- Forced famine, ban on trading, loaning $, killed enemies of the revolution
Who were the kulaks?
Better off peasants
What happened to Stalin’s 5 Year Plan when the Nazis took Germany?
He changed it to emphasize heavy industry to produce metals and machines
Who did Stalin execute?
top generals, head of NKVD, millions= sentenced without trials
What happened during the Depression?
Consumers lowered purchases and businesses cut production, workers were laid off
What was the Smoot-Hawley tariff and what did it cause?
the highest import duty in US history, other countries increased tariffs as a result, which decreased world trade
How did the Depression spread to Europe?
NY banks called in loans to Germany and Austria, who stopped paying reparations to France and Britain, so F and B couldn’t repay their war loans to the US
Who did France and Britain make purchase their products?
Their colonies had to purchase them, rather than those of other countries
Why did nationalist leaders rise?
The Depression caused widespread suffering, Communism/ Russian Revolution frightened property owners
What places boomed while the rest of the world suffered in the Depression?
S. Africa- as other prices lowered, gold became more valuable, but it only benefitted a small # of mine owners
USSR- cut off from world trade
Who was Benito Mussolini and what did he do?
became leader of the Fascist Party, threatened to march on Rome if not appointed Prime Minister, gov gave in and he put Fascist party members in al lgov jobs
Why did Hitler hate Jews?
He blamed them for Germany’s defeat
What were Hitler’s goals?
repeal Treaty of Versailles, annex all German- speaking territories, conquer room to live @ expense of Poland and USSR, eliminate Jews
What was Hitler’s main goal for Germany?
conquest- built up armed forces, withdrew from LoN, intro’d conscription and military
What happened at the Munich Conference?
France, Britain, and Italy gave Hitler Sudetenland without consent of Czechoslovakia in return for promise that he would cease expansionist activities - appeasement
Why did conservatives fear Stalin but not Hitler?
Hitler claimed to respect Christianity and private property
What caused appeasement?
- fear of war among ppl who lived through WWi
- fear of Communism
- novelty of fascist tactics- assumed political leaders were honorable and their agreements were valid
Who were the Axis powers?
Germany, Italy, and Japan
Who were the Allies?
Britain, France, USSR, China, US
Why did Japan want to expand?
They were dependent on foreign trade and saw the conquest of China as the solution
What was Mao Zedong’s goal?
complete social revolution from the bottom- up
What was the Long March?
The trek of the Communists to Shaanxi
What was the Sino-Japanese War?
China v. Japan, Chinese gov escaped and built up army to prepare for war vs. Commies
How was WWII different from WWI?
It was fought around the world, killed more ppl
Used motorized weapons- advantage to offensive
What was blitzkrieg?
fighter planes scattered enemy troops, disrupted communications, etc.
What were Japan’s alternatives after the US and Britain stopped shipments they needed?
- accept shame of giving up conquests
- face economic ruin
- widen war {!!!}
What did the Japanese claim to be doing when they bombed Pearl Harbor?
Liberating inhabitants from European colonialism, but began to confiscate food and raw materials, demand heavy labor
The US gave weapons and aid to Guomindang while urging for what?
“national unity” with the Communists
Why did the Guomindang lose popular support?
They acted like an occupation force: taxed liberated people heavier than Japan, looted businesses, etc.
To pay bills- printed $ so fast it lost all value
What was the stance of the US in WWI and II?
Isolationism- didn’t enter until provoked
I- Americans killed on British boat by German sub
II- Japan bombed Pearl Harbor
How did the type of warfare differ between WWI and II?
I- trench warfare (Western Front)
II- motorized weapons (aircraft development, etc.)
Why was there no clear distinction between the “front” and “home front” in WWII?
Air power carried war into homes
Who was targeted in WWII moreso than in WWI?
economies and civilians
What was WWII caused by?
- Treaty of Versailles failed to keep peace
- League of Nations failed to contain nationalism
- Depression / collapse of global economy
- Nationalsim in Germany, Italy, and Japan
- Appeasement of Germany
What did the Treaty of Versailles do that caused the rise of Hitler?
Weakened Germany’s economy and bred resentment among the German population
How did the Depression cause WWII?
Caused the collapse of Germany industry, directly leading to the rise of Hitler
How did nationalism cause WWII?
Allowed Mussolini, Nazis to rise to power, Japanese nationalists claimed that an empire would pull them out of economic problems
How did appeasement of Germany cause WWII?
Britain and France feared another war- let Germany build military
How did Hitler come to power?
Depression- Nazis were supported by unemployed and property owners
What was the Enabling Act of 1933?
gave Hitler absolute power for 4 years, took over as chancellor and became leader
What were Hitler’s goals?
avenge humiliation of Versailles
Annex German-speaking countries
living space
master race
What was the Atlantic Charter?
FDR and Churchill expressed ideals, the US was still neutral but passed the Lend-Lease Act in which they lent the British supplies
Blitzkrieg
planes and takes, take enemy by surprise quickly
What did the German invasion of Poland cause?
Britain and France to declare war on Germany
Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?
Japan had to attack the US first to eliminate them as a rival for power in the Pacific and because they couldn’t afford a long war
What was the Battle of Midway?
Japan lost 4 aircraft carriers- TURNING POINT- Japan went on offensive
What was “island-hopping?”
US took heavily fortified Japanese island bases to capture others closer to Japan
What was the Battle of Stalingrad?
Hitler wouldn’t retreat- winter set in, Hitler retreated- USSR= on offensive now
What was D-day?
Allies landed in Normandy, France to open 2nd front in Europe and take back France from Germany
What was the Manhattan Project?
secret US nuclear program, atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
What does NAZIs stand for?
Nationals Socialist German Workers’ Party
