Chapter 28: The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900-1929

Question 1

What happened as the Ottoman Empire decreased in power?

Answer 1

It lost outlying provinces closest to Europe, and Turks began to assert themselves vs. rebel minorities and foreigners, turned to Germany to modernize armed forces

Question 2

What triggered a chain of events leading to WWI?

Answer 2

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand (by Serbia), the Archduke of Austria. Political and military leaders lost control

Question 3

What was WWI caused by?

Answer 3

nationalism, the system of alliance and military plans, and Germany wanting to dominate Europe

Question 4

What did the spread of nationalism cause?

Answer 4

People started to think that only war could heal the class division and make workers unite behind “natural” leaders

Question 5

What turned a small incident into a conflict with all great powers?

Answer 5

System of alliances

Question 6

Who was in the Triple Alliance?

Answer 6

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Question 7

Which countries were able to effectively mobilize their armies?

Answer 7

France and Germany because of elaborate railroads

Question 8

Who did Austria- Hungary declare war on?

Answer 8

SERBIA with the backing of Germany

Question 9

What was the Western Front?

Answer 9

A line of trenches and fortifications in WWI that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea

Question 10

What happened as a result of armies demanding more weapons, ammo, and food?

Answer 10

Civilians had to work harder, eat less, and pay more taxes. Goods were rationed, and governments gradually imposed controls over economies. Socialists and labor unions helped in the war effort because of the increase in government regulation.

Question 11

Who signed a secret alliance with Germany and why?

Answer 11

The Ottoman Empire (Turks) because they hoped to gain land at Russia’s expanse.

Question 12

How did Germany attack British ships?

Answer 12

By submarine

Question 13

What was the Balfour Declaration?

Answer 13

A statement issued by Britain’s foreign secretary Arthur Balfour favoring the establishment of Jewish national homeland in Palestine. This led to conflicts between Palestinians and Jewish settlers.

Question 14

What happened to Russia at the beginning of the war?

Answer 14

They had the largest army but incompetent generals, low supplies, and poor soldiers. After a string of defeats, they had no essential supplies and there were shortages and widespread hunger due to the break down of the railroads.

Question 15

What happened when food ran out in Petrograd?

Answer 15

There were mass demonstrations, Soviets were formed, and the Tsar abdicated. Leaders of parliamentary parties formed the Provisional Government.

Question 16

Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks and what did he do?

Answer 16

Vladimir Lenin. The Germans allowed him to travel back to Russia in hopes to destabilize it. He announced a new program, and the Bolsheviks rose up and took over Petrograd in the “October Revolution.”

Question 17

Who did the US declare war on and why?

Answer 17

Germany. They were using submarines to sink merchant ships carrying food to Great Britain.

Question 18

What were the Fourteen Points?

Answer 18

A peace program calling for evacuations of German-occupied lands, drawing of borders, founding of an association of nations to preserve peace.

Question 19

What was Germany’s response to the Fourteen Points?

Answer 19

They rejected it, and launched surprise attacks. Eventually, the new government signed an armistice.

Question 20

What did President Wilson want at all costs during the Paris Peace Conference?

Answer 20

He wanted to apply self-determination to European affairs- creating nations based on ethnic or linguistic divisions.

Question 21

What did President Wilson propose?

Answer 21

League of Nations- a world organization to safeguard peace.

Question 22

What was the result of the Paris Peace Conference?

Answer 22

A series of compromises that nobody liked

Question 23

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 23

A treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the US, and other Allied Powers demanding that Germany dismantle their military and give some land to Poland. They had to accept responsibility for the loss and damage of war.

Question 24

What was the USSR’s New Economic Policy?

Answer 24

It allowed peasants to own land and sell crops, private merchants to trade, private goods to be made and sold on the free market.

Question 25

What happened after Lenin died?

Answer 25

Stalin filled the bureaucracy with people loyal to him and expelled Trotsky, prepared to industrialize quickly as absolute master of the party.

Question 26

What happened after Germany stopped reparations payments and printed a lot of $$$$?

Answer 26

Inflation. Then they issued a new currency and promised to resume payment. They borrowed $ from NY banks to pay France and Britain, which used that $ to repay loans from the US.

Question 27

Who was Sun Yat-sen and what did he do?

Answer 27

He was a Chinese nationalist revolutionary and tried to create a liberal democratic political movement, but was thwarted by military leaders.

Question 28

Why didn’t Sun become President?

Answer 28

He was elected, but he had no military forces so he resigned and Yuan Shikai took his place.

Question 29

What was the Guomindang?

Answer 29

A nationalist political party led by Sun Yat-sen. Yuan quashed and harassed it.

Question 30

Who did the Japanese join in WWI? What did this cause?

Answer 30

The Allied. This created an economic boom and a worker riot over an increase in the selling price of rice but not wages.

Question 31

What did Japan do after conquering German colonies?

Answer 31

Presented China with the 21 Demands that would’ve turned it into a protectorate.

Question 32

Who was the leadership of the Guomindang passed to after the death of Sun Yat-sen? What did he do?

Answer 32

Chiang Kai-shek. He wanted to cancel warlords, so he allied with communists and then later with gangsters to crush the labor unions and communists.

Question 33

What was the Mandate System?

Answer 33

A compromise between the winners of WWI that colonial rulers would administer the territories but be accountable to the League of Nations for their well-being and progress of inhabitants.

Question 34

France, Britain, Italy, and Japan wanted to divide former Germany colonies and the Ottoman Empire among themselves. Why didn’t they?

Answer 34

It clashed with Wilson’s ideal of national self-determination.

Question 35

What happened after France, Britain, Italy, and Germany’s forces occupied Constantinople and Anatolia?

Answer 35

They made the sultan give up lands. He then formed a nationalist government and reconquered Constantinople and Anatolia, forced the Greeks from their ancestral homes, ending ethnic diversity. He abolished the sultanate and declared Turkey a secular republic, introduced European laws.

Question 36

How did Kemal try to westernize the traditional family?

Answer 36

He gave women civil equality, marriage and divorce rights, and European dress. He ordered everyone to take a family name.

Question 37

After war, what began to fade?

Answer 37

Class distinctions, due to the deaths of many aristocrats and the fact that display of wealth in the war was considered unpatriotic.

Question 38

What class didn’t grow after the war?

Answer 38

The working class, because new machines increased productivity and outputs without an increase in the labor force.

Question 39

What are some lit af scientists who discovered stuff after the war?

Answer 39

Max Planck- found that atoms emit or absorb energy in discrete amounts, not continuous
Albert Einstein- theory of relativity

Question 40

What did Wilbur and Orville Wright do?

Answer 40

Built the first aircraft heavier than air and could be flown.

Question 41

Who was in the Triple Entente?

Answer 41

France, Great Britain, and Russia

Question 42

What did Lenin promise?

Answer 42

An end to the war
Redistribution of all land to the peasants
Transfer of factories/ industries from capitalists to workers
Transfer of government power to the Soviets

Question 43

What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

Answer 43

A treaty signed by Lenin with Germany, in which Russia gives up 1/3 territory to Germany