Chapter 26: The New Power Balance, 1800-1850

Question 1

Who was Commodore Matthew Perry?

Answer 1

a US Navy commander who became the first foreigner to break barriers that kept Japan isolated

Question 2

Who surpassed Britain as the leading industrial powers?

Answer 2

The US and Germany

Question 3

Who had the largest rail network?

Answer 3

The US.

Question 4

What type of regions were railroads built in besides industrialized countries?

Answer 4

Those with abundant resources.

Question 5

Why did steamships become more efficient?

Answer 5

Steel replaced wood, better propellers, more fuel efficient

Question 6

What did Japan do to build their railroads?

Answer 6

Borrowed British engineers

Question 7

What was the significance of railroads?

Answer 7

increased commerce and trade, colonization, negative environmental impact (deforestation, mining)

Question 8

What was the purpose of the Suez Canal?

Answer 8

It shortened the time to get from Europe to Asia. It was built in Egypt, so it was important that the British controlled it.

Question 9

How were ships around the world controlled?

Answer 9

Submarine telegraph cables on the ocean floor

Question 10

How did technology to make steel increase in versatility?

Answer 10

William Kelly discovered that air forced through molten pig iron turned into steel without additional fuel, Henry Bessemer improved this and lowered the price to 1/10 of the cost. Steel was made from scrap iron and phosphoric iron ores, which increased steel production.

Question 11

How did the chemical industry develop?

Answer 11

Synthetic dye was created, ruining natural dye producers like India indigo plantations. Explosives, such as dynamite were created

Question 12

What did Thomas Edison do?

Answer 12

He developed an incandescent lamp and created the first electrical distribution network

Question 13

What was the significance of electricity?

Answer 13

It wasn’t as environmentally damaging, energy was cheaper, the standard of living improved, and productivity increased

Question 14

What was the impact of interconnected economies?

Answer 14

They prospered and fell together, a diversity of goods was produced (mass consumption), and less industrialized countries were more vulnerable to market forces (produced raw materials)

Question 15

What caused migrations in the 18th century?

Answer 15

Irish famine, persecution of Jews in Russia, poverty and population growth in Italy, cultural ties between FB/US, availability of steam ship

Question 16

Who migrated as indentured servants and what is the significance of this?

Answer 16

Asians. Indentured servitude filled the void left by the abolition of slavery.

Question 17

What happened as a result of larger city populations?

Answer 17

Municipal governments provided social services.The poor continued to live in the worst conditions.

Question 18

How were men and women divided?

Answer 18

In “separate spheres”- women were wives, mothers and homemakers, men were breadwinners and participants of business and politics. Girls were taught embroidery, drawing, etc. with no monetary reward while boys were prepared for the business world

Question 19

Who did the separation of genders affect the most?

Answer 19

Women. They had to raise kids and work, and were vulnerable to abuse as domestics.

Question 20

What revolutionary ideas came about?

Answer 20

Socialism- questioned the sanctitiy of private property and labor unions- organizations formed by industrial workers to defend interests.

Question 21

What did Karl Marx see history as?

Answer 21

a long series of class struggle/ conflicts between social classes, the latest of which was between the bourgeoisie and proletariat

Question 22

What did Marx found and what was the workers’ response?

Answer 22

The Working Man’s Association, workers turned to voting and labor unions.

Question 23

What is an anarchist?

Answer 23

A revolutionary who believes in abolishment of all private property and government

Question 24

What is nationalism?

Answer 24

A political ideology that stresses membership in a nation over being a subject in a monarchy

Question 25

What elements were crucial to national identity?

Answer 25

language, territory, and culture. People were united and political leaders could use this to their advantage.

Question 26

What was nationalism associated with until the 1860s?

Answer 26

liberalism, a middle-class ideology that called for freedom from government restraits, equality in law, freedom, rights protected in docs, religious toleration, separation of church and state, representative assembly

Question 27

Who was against Italian unification?

Answer 27

The Pope and Austria, who controlled 2 Italian states

Question 28

How was Italian unification accomplished?

Answer 28

Count Cavour started a war with Austria, uniting the n. Italian states. A constitutional monarchy under King Victor Emmanuel was created. In the South, Guiseppe Garibaldi overthrew the Kingdom of 2 Sicilies.

Question 29

Who led unification in Germany?

Answer 29

Prussia- they had advanced industrialization and a modern army

Question 30

How did unification in Germany occur?

Answer 30

Chancellor Otto van Bismark started a war with Austria, forming the N. German Confederacy. He didn’t take land from Austria, and attacked France in the “Franco-Prussian War,” unifying Germany.

Question 31

What states did Germany face conflict with and why?

Answer 31

Loraine and Alsace. They considered themselves French but spoke German, and were a major industrial center.

Question 32

What happened in Japan?

Answer 32

Matthew Perry demanded trade ports to be opened, creating the Treaty of Kanagawa. There was a civil war, in which the Japanese tried to overthrow the Shogunate, resulting in the shogun stepping down.

Question 33

What was the Meiji Era?

Answer 33

Japan industrialized and modernized, taking cues from the German army, British navy, US education system, etc.

Question 34

What was Social Darwinism?

Answer 34

Herbert Spencer and others took up Darwin’s ideas of “survival of the fittest” and applied it to human society. It justified racial differences and poverty.

Question 35

Why did France fall 2nd place to Germany?

Answer 35

They had a slow population increase and were divided between Monarchial Catholics and republican anticlerical views

Question 36

What was the Alfred Dreyfus affair?

Answer 36

A Jewish officer was falsely convicted of spying for the Germans, which reawakened anti-Semitism.

Question 37

Why did Britain fall behind?

Answer 37

Splendid isolation

Question 38

Why did nationalism hurt Austria-Hungary?

Answer 38

They had diverse ethnic and linguistic groups. The Balkans tried to control, and they were Slavs, which caused tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary. They annexed Bosnia as a result.

Question 39

What contributed to the instability of Russia?

Answer 39

Ethnic diversity- they had the largest Jew population despite anti-Semitic laws and massacres, many Jews fled to the Americas

Question 40

What was the Russo-Japanese War?

Answer 40

A war over access to Manchuria. Japan won

Question 41

What happened in China?

Answer 41

The French and British took advantage of their disarray to demand treaty ports. The British took over customs, free import of opium.

Question 42

How did Empress Dowager Cixi’s attitude change?

Answer 42

She once encouraged construction, but now opposed railroads and foreign technology that could bring foreign influences

Question 43

What did Japan force China to do?

Answer 43

evacuate Korea and sede Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula, pay indemnity.

Question 44

What was the Boxer Uprising?

Answer 44

antiforeign riots in China, Japan and Russia competed for mineral-rich Chinese province Manchuria.