Chapter 24: Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870 Flashcards
Where did Muhammad Ali take over?
Egypt
What reforms did Muhammad Ali initiate?
He established schools for training artillery and cavalry officers, as well as other specialists. He began to send young Turks and Circassians to France for education, started a gazette. He also built factories, which were not good but showed determination to achieve independence and parity with European powers.
How did Muhammad Ali pay for his reforms?
He confiscated Muslim religious institution lands and forced farmers to sell crops to the government at fixed prices, which were resold abroad.
What military endeavors did Muhammad Ali undertake?
He sent an army to Arabia to expel the Saudi clan from Mecca and Medina. He also created a new army using the French practice of conscription, so that peasants were compelled to become soldiers.
What happened in Egypt due to European pressure?
Limits were placed on Muhammad Ali’s army and navy, he was forced to dissolve economic monopolies and allow Europeans to undertake business ventures in Egypt.
What reforms did Sultan Selim III introduce?
Created European style military units, brought provincal governors under control of a central government, standardized taxation and land tenure. An increase in government spending was supposed to be offset by taxes on select items, like tobacco and coffee.
Who opposed Selim III’s reforms and why?
The Janissaries, because they did not want their power to be taken.
The ulama was also an opponent because they distrusted secularization of law and proposed taxation
Why did Europeans support the Greek in the Greek War for Independence?
They wanted to recapture classical roots of civilization from Muslims. The war consisted of the British, French, and Russians versus the Ottoman Empire.
What happened after the Sultan announced the creation of a new artillery unit?
The Janissaries rose in revolt, and he ordered the new unit to bombard the Janissary barracks, and the Janissary corps was officially dissolved.
Mahmud’s reforming ideas had the widest expression in what?
The Tanzimat- a series of reforms announced by Abdul Mejid and endorsed by European ambassadors.
What reforms did the Tanzimat call for?
Public trials and equal protection under the law
Rights of privacy
Equalized eligibility of men for the army
New formalized tax collection method legally ended tax farming in the Ottoman
What was the preferred language of the Ottoman?
French, because it was easier to import foreign textbooks than write new ones in Turkish.
Why did the Ottoman military wear the fez?
They accepted the European notion that modern weapons and drill required a change in traditional military dress, however their headgear interfered with prayer, so they wore brimless caps called fez
What was the Russian Empire’s ultimate goal in expanding southward?
Free access to the Mediterranean Sea
IN 1852 the Sultan named France Protector of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. What did this cause?
Russia didn’t like this, so they invaded the Ottoman, and went to war with Britain and France, allies of the Sultan.
