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Anatomy > Pelvis and Perineum > Flashcards

Pelvis and Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the pelvis? [6 things]

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx, pubic symphysis

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2
Q

What are the functions of the pelvic girdle?

A

Bear weight, transfer weight, and provide attachments for muscles

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3
Q

What is the superior border of the pelvis?

A

Pelvic inlet

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4
Q

What is the anterior border of the pelvis?

A

Pubic rami, pubic symphysis

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5
Q

What is the lateral border of the pelvis?

A

Hip bones and obturator internus

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6
Q

What is the posterior border of the pelvis?

A

Sacrum and coccyx, SI joint and ligaments

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7
Q

Between what two structures forms the greater (false) pelvis?

A

iliac crest and inlet

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8
Q

Between what two structures forms the lesser (true) pelvis?

A

Pelvic inlet to pelvic outlet

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9
Q

What does the greater pelvis contain?

A

abdominal viscera

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10
Q

What binds the greater pelvis?

A

iliac alae

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11
Q

What binds the lesser pelvis?

A

Pelvic surfaces of hip, sacrum, and coccyx

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12
Q

What structure covers the obturator foramen?

A

obturator membrane

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13
Q

What forms in the obturator foramen serving as the passage for the obturator nerve?

A

obturator canal

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14
Q

What structure forms from the anterior sacro-iliac ligament and sacrotuberus ligament?

A

Greater sciatic notch

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15
Q

What structure forms from the sacrotuberus ligament and sacrospinous ligament?

A

Lesser sciatic notch

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16
Q

Describe the male pelvis.

A

Thick and heavy, pelvic inlet is heart shaped and small, pubic arch is narrow, obturator foramen is round, acetabulum is large

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17
Q

Describe the female pelvis.

A

Thin and light, pelvic inlet is oval and rounded and large, pubic arch is wide, obturator foramen is oval, acetabulum is small

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18
Q

What is the subpubic angle of a male?

A

~<=70 degrees

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19
Q

What is the subpubic angle of a female?

A

~>=80 degrees

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20
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani: puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus and [ishio]coccygeus

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21
Q

Which levator ani forms the u-shaped puborectal sling?

A

Puborectalis

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22
Q

What is the function of the levator ani?

A

assist w/ abdominopelvic cavity compression (when coughing, sneezing, vomiting, etc)

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23
Q

What is the function of the coccygeus?

A

support pelvic viscera, form part of the diaphragm, flex the coccyx

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24
Q

What are the contents of the urogenital triangle?

A

Ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, perineal membrane, superficial transverse perineal, perineal body, puborectalis

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25
Q

What urogenital muscle is along the line of the pubic bone?

A

Ischiocavernosus

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26
Q

What urogenital muscle surrounds the male penis/ female puborectalis?

A

Bulbospongiosus

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27
Q

What connects the ishiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus?

A

Perineal membrane

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28
Q

What does the perineal membrane cover?

A

pelvic diaphragm, iliococcygeus, and pubococcygeus

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29
Q

What goes straight from pubic bone to point where urogenital and anal triangles meet?

A

Superficial transverse perineal

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30
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the perineum?

A

pubic symphysis

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31
Q

What is the anteroleateral boundary of the perineum?

A

Ishiopubic ramus

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32
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the perineum?

A

Ischial tuberosities

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33
Q

What is the posterolateral boundary of the perineum?

A

sacrotuberous ligaments

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34
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the perineum?

A

inferiormost sacrum and coccyx

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35
Q

What type of pelvic fascia lines the inner aspects of the muscles, forming the walls and floor of the pelvis?

A

Parietal

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36
Q

Which pelvic fascia directly ensheathes the organs?

A

Visceral

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37
Q

Which pelvic fascia forms a connective tissue matrix for the viscera?

A

Endopelvic

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38
Q

What are the joints of the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacroiliac, pubic symphysis, lumbosacral, and sacrococcygeal

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39
Q

What is the name of the joint connecting the axial and appendicular skeletons?

A

sacroiliac

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40
Q

What joint joint the two hip bones?

A

Pubic symphysis

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41
Q

What does the lumbosacral joint consist of?

A

L5 and Si vertebrae and IV disc, 2 posterior facet joints

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42
Q

What type of joint is the sacrococcygeal?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

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43
Q

What ligament aids in the transfer of weight from axial to ilia to femur and ischial tuberosities?

A

Sacroiliac ligaments

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44
Q

What ligament attaches the sacrum to the iliac bones, aiding in weight transfer?

A

Interosseous ligament

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45
Q

What ligament creates the sciatic foramen by passing from the posterior ilium and lateral sacrum/coccyx to the ischial tuberosity?

A

Sacrotuberous

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46
Q

What ligament subdivides the greater and lesser sciatic foramen by passing from the lateral sacrum and coccyx to the ischial spine?

A

Sacrospinous

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47
Q

What ligaments connect the transverse processes of L5 to the ilia?

A

Iliolumbar

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48
Q

What ligament reinforces the joint of the sacrum apex to coccyx base?

A

Sacrococcygeal

49
Q

What movement does the sacroiliac joint allo?

A

Slight gliding and rotation

50
Q

What movement is prevented at the lumbosacral joints?

A

Sliding

51
Q

What artery is the main supplier of the pelvis?

A

Internal iliac

52
Q

What artery does the internal iliac begin as?

A

Common iliac

53
Q

What arteries branch off the anterior branch of the internal iliac artery?

A

Obturator, pudendal, inferior gluteal

54
Q

Which arteries branch off the posterior branch of the internal iliac artery?

A

Superior gluteal, iliolumbar, lateral sacral

55
Q

What artery forms at the bifurcation of the R and L iliac arteries?

A

median sacral artery

56
Q

What does the Median Sacral artery supply?

A

Anterior surface of sacrum with 2 IV foraminal branches at each pair

57
Q

The R common iliac artery divides into what two branches?

A

External and internal iliac

58
Q

What artery branches off the external artery?

A

Femoral

59
Q

What other two arteries branch off the femoral artery?

A

Inferior epigastric and circumflex iliac

60
Q

What artery supplies the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Inferior epigastric

61
Q

What artery supplies the wall near the iliacus?

A

Circumflex iliac

62
Q

What artery branches off the internal iliac and supplies the ilium and lumbar spine?

A

Iliolumbar artery

63
Q

What does the internal iliac artery supply?

A

Pelvic organs, gluteal muscles, and perineum

64
Q

What are the arteries that branch off the anterior division of the Internal iliac artery?

A

umbilical, Superior and inferior vesical, internal pudendal, middle rectal, inferior gluteal, obturator

65
Q

What are the arteries that branch off the posterior division of the internal iliac artery?

A

Sacral arteries, superior gluteal, and iliolumbar

66
Q

What two arteries supply the superior bladder and some males’ vas deferens?

A

Umbilical and superior vesical

67
Q

What does the Obturator artery supply?

A

pelvic muscles, nutrient artery to ilium, head of femur, and muscles of the medial thigh

68
Q

What artery supplies the inferior male bladder, pelvic part of ureter, and the prostate and seminal glands?

A

Inferior vesical

69
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery supply?

A

main artery of the perineum (incl. skin and muscles of anal and urogenital triangles and erectile bodies)

70
Q

What artery supplies the inferior rectum, seminal glands, and prostate/vagina?

A

middle rectal

71
Q

What does the inferior gluteal artery supply?

A

Pelvic diaphragm (main supplier of), piriformis, quad fem, hamstrings, glut max, and sciatic nerve

72
Q

what artery supplies the psoas major, iliacus, and quad lumb as well as the cauda equina?

A

Iliolumbar

73
Q

What do the sacral arteries supply?

A

piriformis, sacral canal, erector spinae, and overlying skin

74
Q

What artery supplies the piriformis, all three glutes, and the tensor fasciae latae?

A

Superior gluteal

75
Q

What is a herniation of the urethra/vagina wall?

A

Cystocele

76
Q

What is a herniation of the rectum?

A

Rectocele

77
Q

What is the name given to a normal female pelvis? (Rounded inlet, wide transverse diameter)

A

Gynecoid

78
Q

What is the name given to the normal heart shaped male pelvis?

A

Platypelloid/android

79
Q

What is fractured when the acetabulua and ilia are squeezed together?

A

pubic rami

80
Q

What is fractured by a fall from above?

A

Acetabulum

81
Q

What is the defect that allows part of the vertebral arch to separate from the body?

A

Spondylolysis

82
Q

What is the name given to a bilateral L5 spondylolysis that slides anteriorly so that it overlaps the sacral promontory?

A

Spondylolisthesis

83
Q

What are the most common muscles torn during childbirth?

A

Puborectalis and pubococcygeus

84
Q

What can stretching or tearing of the muscles supporting the urogenital organs cause?

A

Urinary stress incontinence

85
Q

What tearing of the puborectalis (during childbirth usually) cause?

A

Fecal incontinence

86
Q

What is the name given to a prolapsed urethra?

A

Urethrocele

87
Q

What is the name given to a prolapsed bladder?

A

Cystocele

88
Q

What is the name given to a prolapsed uterus, cervix, and/or upper vagina?

A

Uterovaginal prolapse

89
Q

What is the name given to a prolapses rectovaginal pouch?

A

Enterocele

90
Q

What are the four degrees of a prolapse?

A
  1. halfway to hymen 2. to hymen 3. past hymen 4. maximum descent
91
Q

What are the possible treatments for prolapses?

A

Kegels, surgery, pessaries (devices inserted into vagina for support)

92
Q

What is a surgical incision of the perineum and vaginal wall to enlarge the orifice to attempt t decreases jagged tearing during childbirth?

A

Episiotomy

93
Q

What can a fracture of the pelvic girdle cause?

A

rupture of urethra

94
Q

What can occur due to a disappeared pelvic fat pad by starvation?

A

rectal prolapse

95
Q

What is the landmark that provides the approximated level of important anatomical changes as the visceral and parietal layers transition?

A

Pectinate line

96
Q

What is a slit-like lesion near the anal valve?

A

Anal fissure

97
Q

What can occur due to the spread of infection and cyryptitis (inflam. of anal sinus)?

A

Anal fistula

98
Q

What is a prolapse of the rectal mucosa?

A

Internal hemorrhoid

99
Q

What is a thrombus in the veins of rectal venous plexus and covered by skin?

A

External hemorrhoid

100
Q

What are the predisposing factors for hemorrhoids?

A

Pregnancy, chronic constipation, prolonged toilet sitting and straining, and any disorder that impedes venous return

101
Q

What vein mainly drains the pelvic venous plexuses by interjoining veins?

A

Internal iliac veins

102
Q

What do the internal iliac veins merge with to unite at L4/5 to form into the IVC?

A

common iliac veins

103
Q

What are the tributaries of internal iliac veins into the gluteal region?

A

Superior gluteal veins

104
Q

What veins provide collateral pathways to reach IVC or SVC, that anatomose with internal vertebral venous plexus?

A

Lateral Sacral veins

105
Q

What is the nerve that supplies the mid thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

106
Q

What is the origin of the obturator nerve?

A

ant rami of L2-4

107
Q

What nerve supplies the hip joint and muscular branches of the knee flexors and all leg and foot muscles? Where does it originate?

A

Sciatic nerve, L4-S3

108
Q

What nerve is the main supplier of the perineum and external ganglia, and the muscles and sphincters that go to them? And where does it originate?

A

Pudendal nerve, S2-4

109
Q

What does the superior gluteal nerve supple and where does it originate?

A

L4-S1, Gluteus medius and minimus, and the tensor fasciae latae

110
Q

What muscle does the inferior gluteal nerve supply and where does it originate?

A

Gluteus maximus, L5-S2

111
Q

Where does the nerve to the quad fem originate and what other muscle does it supply?

A

L4-S1, inferior Gemellus

112
Q

Where does the nerve to obturator internus originate and what other muscle does it supply?

A

L5-s2, superior Gemellus

113
Q

Where does the nerve to piriformis origintate?

A

S1, S2

114
Q

What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh supply and where does it originate?

A

S2, S3, buttocks and uppermost medial and posterior thigh

115
Q

What branches come off the posterior cutaneous that supply the medial buttocks?

A

Perforating cutaneous

116
Q

What nerve supplies the pelvic viscera via inferior hypogastric and pelvic plexuses? Where is the origin?

A

Pelvic sphincter nerve, S2-S4

117
Q

Where does the nerve to levator ani and coccygeus originate?

A

S3, S4

118
Q

What is the excision of an ovary?

A

oophrectomy

119
Q

What structures are in danger during an oophrectomy?

A

Ureters

Anatomy (19 decks)

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