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Anatomy > Leg, Foot, and Joints > Flashcards

Leg, Foot, and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones that make up the leg?

A

Tibia and fibula

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2
Q

What are the bones that make up the “ankle”?

A

calcaneous and talus

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3
Q

What are the bones that make up the foot?

A

talus, calcaneous, cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms, Metatarsals and phalanges

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4
Q

What are the three compartments of the leg muscles?

A

anterior, posterior, lateral

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5
Q

The anterior intermuscular septum separates what compartments?

A

Anterior and lateral compartments

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6
Q

The posterior intermuscular septum separates what compartments?

A

Posterior and lateral

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7
Q

What does the transverse crural septum separate?

A

posterior septum into a superficial and deep layer

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8
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius

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9
Q

What is the primary movement of the anterior leg?

A

dorsiflexion

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10
Q

What is the arterial supply of the anterior leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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11
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior leg and what is its origin?

A

Deep peroneal artery, (L4, L5)

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12
Q

The deep peroneal comes from what nerve?

A

Common fibular

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13
Q

A lesion on the deep peroneal nerve can result in what?

A

Foot drop - inability to dorsiflex the ankle

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14
Q

Which anterior leg muscle may play a proprioceptive role in sudden inversion?

A

peroneus tertius

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15
Q

What is the most commonly sprained ligament?

A

Anterior Tibiofibular ligament

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16
Q

What is the strong, broad band of deep fascia that passes from fibula to tibia?

A

Superior extensor retinaculum

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17
Q

What is the y-shaped band of deep fascia forms a strong loop around the tendons of PT and EDL?

A

Inferior extensor retinaculum

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18
Q

What artery continues from the anterior tibial artery after passage through the retinaculum and reaching the dorsum of the foot?

A

Dorsalis pedis

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19
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Peroneus longus and brevis

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20
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lateral compartment of the leg and what is its origin?

A

peroneal artery from posterior tibial

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21
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral leg and what is its origin?

A

Superficial peroneal, branch of common peroneal(L5-S2)

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22
Q

After supplying the lateral leg, what does the superficial peroneal nerve continue to provide cutaneous innervation of?

A

Skin on distal anterior leg and dorsum

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23
Q

What movment(s) occur by the lateral leg muscles?

A

Eversion and Plantarflexion

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24
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the posterior leg?

A

Soleus, gastrocnemius, and plantaris

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25
Q

What are the deep muscles of the posterior leg?

A

Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus

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26
Q

What is the primary movement of the posterior leg?

A

Plantarflexion

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27
Q

What is the arterial supply of the posterior leg?

A

posterior tibial artery

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28
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior leg and what is its origin?

A

Tibial nerve - from sciatic (L4-S3)

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29
Q

What leg compartment provides the thrust that is used to propel the body?

A

posterior

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30
Q

What leg muscle helps steady the leg on the foot while standing unilaterally?

A

Peroneus

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31
Q

What leg muscle is the workhorse of the plantarflexors?

A

Soleus

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32
Q

What leg muscle provides the rapid movements due to its composition of mainly of fast twitch muscles?

A

Gastrocnemius

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33
Q

What leg muscle does gravity not affect?

A

Soleus

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34
Q

What muscles make up the triceps surae?

A

Gastrocnemius (two heads) and soleus

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35
Q

What is the common tendon shared by the triceps surae muscles?

A

Achilles/Calcaneal

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36
Q

What posterior leg muscle is considered proprioceptive?

A

Plantaris

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37
Q

What arteries branch off the posterior tibial artery to supply the foot?

A

Medial and lateral plantar arteries

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38
Q

What are the nerves that provide cutaneous innervation of the leg?

A

saphenous, sural, superficial peroneal, deep peroneal

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39
Q

What does the saphenous nerve supply?

A

skin on medial ankle and foot

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40
Q

What does the sural nerve supply?

A

Skin on posterior and lateral leg and foot

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41
Q

What does the cutaneous superificial peroneal nerve supply?

A

The dorsal surface of foot and interior leg minus the first interdigit space

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42
Q

What does the cutaneous deep peroneal nerve supply?

A

Skin of the first interdigit space

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43
Q

What are the motor nerves of the leg?

A

Tibial, deep peroneal, and superficial peroneal

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44
Q

What does the tibial nerve supply?

A

posterior muscles of leg and knee joint

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45
Q

What does the motor deep peroneal nerve supply?

A

ankle joint

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46
Q

What does the motor superficial nerve supply?

A

lateral leg muscles

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47
Q

Severance of what nerve can cause paralysis of the flexor muscles of the leg and intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot?

A

tibial nerve

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48
Q

What does severance of the tibial nerve cause?

A

inability to plantarflex ankle or flex toes, some loss of sole sensation

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49
Q

What is the treatment for an inflammed/infected septa/fascia?

A

Fasciotomy

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50
Q

What can results from repetitive microtrauma to the tibialis anterior, causing small tears in the periosteum?

A

Shin splints

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51
Q

What is the most commonly severed nerve of the leg?

A

Common fibular nerve

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52
Q

Why is the common fibular nerve the most commonly severed leg nerve?

A

Due to its position around the neck of the femur

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53
Q

Severance of the common fibular will result in what?

A

Paralysis of all muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of leg (and sensation of the dorsal foot)

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54
Q

Inability to dorsiflex the leg causes what?

A

footdrop

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55
Q

What are the compensations of footdrop?

A
  1. waddling gait
  2. swing out gait
  3. steppage gait
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56
Q

Entrapment of what nerve can result from excessive use of muscles causing injury and pain in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

deep fibular nerve

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57
Q

Chronic ankle sprains can cause entrapment of what nerve?

A

Superficial peroneal nerce

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58
Q

Compression of the superficial peroneal nerve causes pain, numbness, paresthesia in what compartment?

A

Lateral

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59
Q

Rupture of the calcaneal tendon results in what?

A

Inability to plantarflex against resistance and passive dorsiflexion is excessive

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60
Q

How is ambulation possible when one sustains a rupture to the calcaneal tendon?

A

laterally rotate the foot and walk on it

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61
Q

Paralysis of the calf muscles, calcaneal tendon rupture, or normal push off is painful will result in what?

A

A less effective and efficient push off and foot will be rotated

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62
Q

What muscle can sometimes have an accessory that usually causes pain and edema during prolonged exercise?

A

Soleus

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63
Q

What pulse can be palpated between the medial malleolus and calcaneal tendon?

A

Posterior tibial

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64
Q

what pulse can be palpated between lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon on the dorsal surface of the foot, distal to the dorsal most prominence of the navicular bone?

A

Dorsalis pedis

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65
Q

What are the muscles of the dorsum of the foot?

A

Extensor Digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis

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66
Q

What are the contents of the tarsal tunnel?

A

Tibialis post, fDl, post tibial Artery/Nerve, fHl

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67
Q

What is the first thing you will encounter dissecting the sole of the foot?

A

Plantar aponeurosis

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68
Q

What is the plantar aponeurosis?

A

thickening of the plantar fascia acting as a tie for the longitudinal arches of the foot

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69
Q

What are the “origin and insertion” of the plantar aponeurosis?

A

medial calcaneous to the heads of the metatarsals

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70
Q

What does the plantar fascia help to prevent and how?

A

Foot collapse by the windlass mechanism

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71
Q

What are the first layer muscles of the sole of the foot?

A

abductor hallucis, adductor digiti quinti, flexor digitorum brevis

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72
Q

What structures are in the second layer of the sole of the foot?

A

Flexor hallucis and digitorum longus tendons, quadratus plantae, and lumbricals

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73
Q

What are the muscles of the third layer of the sole of the foot?

A

Flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digiti quinti, adductor hallucis

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74
Q

What are the muscles of the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?

A

Plantar and dorsal interrossei

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75
Q

How many plantar interrossei are there? dorsal?

A

3, 4

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76
Q

What is the primary innervation of the sole of the foot?

A

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

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77
Q

What does the medial plantar nerve supply?

A

motor: ADD Hall, FHB, FDB, medial lumbricals
Cutaneous: skin of medial sole and medial 3 and 1/2 digits

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78
Q

What does the lateral plantar nerve supply?

A

Motor: all other muscles of the foor
Cutaneous: skin of lateral sole and lateral 1/2 digits

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79
Q

What nerve(s) supply the medial dorsum?

A

Saphenous

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80
Q

What nerve(s) supply the lateral dorsum?

A

superificial peroneal and sural

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81
Q

What does the tibial and sural nerves give rise to?

A

Calcaneal branches to supply the skin of the heel

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82
Q

Describe the dorsal arterial supply.

A

Anterior tibial artery continues as the dorsalis pedis artery which divides into the deep plantar artery and arcuate artery

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83
Q

What does the arcuate artery give rise to?

A

Digital arteries for digits 2-5

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84
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the sole.

A

Posterior tibial artery divides after the medial malleolus unto medial and lateral plantar nerves
Medial -> distally between ADD Hall and FDB to skin of medial sole
Lateral -> Laterally between FDB and QP to 5th metatarsal to turn medially and go to the 1st metatarsal as the plantar arch

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85
Q

What does the plantar arch join with?

A

Dorsalis pedis

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86
Q

What does the plantar arch give rise to?

A

Metatarsal and digital arteries to supply tarsal joints, digits 1-5, and surrounding musculature

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87
Q

What is inflammation of the plantar fascia?

A

Plantar fasciitis

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88
Q

What nerve can be used for nerve grafts for things like repairing nerve defects resulting from wounds?

A

sural nerve

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89
Q

Where can an anesthetic agent be injected to anesthesize the skin on the dorsum of the foot more broadly and effectively than local ejections?

A

around the medial and intermediate cutaneous nerves of the superficial fibular nerve

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90
Q

What is the normal response of the plantar reflex?

A

Flexion of toes

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91
Q

The plantar reflex test what nerve roots?

A

L4, L5, S1 and S2

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92
Q

What is the abnormal relfex test?

A

babinski response: fanning of 4 lateral toes and dorsiflexion of great toe - indicates brain injury or cerebral disease

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93
Q

“Joggers foot” is the compression of what nerve resulting in aching, burning, numbness, and tingling on medial sole, mostly during repetitive eversion?

A

Medial plantar nerve

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94
Q

The dorsalis pedis pulse can be palpated easier when the foot is _.

A

dorsiflexed

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95
Q

Lack of a dorsalis pedis pulse indicates what?

A

Vascular insufficiency from arterial disease

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96
Q

Puncture wounds to the sole of the foot usually involve what artery to have bleeding?

A

Deep plantar arch

97
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

synovial

98
Q

What support the sacroiliac joint?

A

capsule and the strongest ligaments in the body

99
Q

What are the concave articular surfaces covered in?

A

Hyaline cartilage

100
Q

What are the convex articular surfaces covered in?

A

Fibrocartilage

101
Q

At most, what can the sacroiliac joint be moved?

A

Angular rotation - 4 deg, translation maybe up the 1.3 mm

102
Q

So would it be easy or hard to misalign the pelvis?

A

very hard - would take a lot of trauma

103
Q

What is the ligament that is massive and strong connecting the sacral and iliac tuberosities?

A

Interosseeous Sacroiliac ligaments

104
Q

What ligament connects the sacrum and iliac dorsally?

A

posterior sacroiliac

105
Q

What other ligament does the posterior sacroiliac ligament blend in with?

A

Sacrotuberous

106
Q

What does the sacrotuberous ligament prevent?

A

upward movement of the sacrum (nutation)

107
Q

What other ligament [other than the sacrotuberous] prevents nutation of the sacrum?

A

Sacrospinous

108
Q

What ligament supports the anterior and inferior portion of the SI joint?

A

anterior sacroiliac

109
Q

What is the accessory ligament that supports the SI joint by supporting the L5-S1 joint?

A

Iliolumbar ligament

110
Q

What two forces act opposite on the pelvis?

A

weight force (load transfer), ground force (load tolerance)

111
Q

What muscles enhance the restraint of nutation of the sacrum due to their attachment to the ischial tuberosity?

A

Bicep fem, SemiM, and SemiT

112
Q

Counternutation of the sacrum is restrained by what ligament?

A

Long posterior sacroiliac

113
Q

What muscle further enhances the restraint of counternutation?

A

Lat Dorsi thru its thoracolumbar fascia

114
Q

Muscles are arranged in a _ manner to provide force closure?

A

Cross bracing

115
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A

Synovial ball and socket

116
Q

Is the hip joint a small ball, big socket or small socket, big ball?

A

small ball, big socket

117
Q

Where does the femur attach to the hip?

A

acetabulum

118
Q

What structure deepens the acetabulum?

A

acetabular labrum

119
Q

What does the labrum attach to?

A

Bony rim and transverse acetabular ligament

120
Q

The transverse acetabular ligament is a continuation of the acetabulum bridging what structure?

A

acet. notch

121
Q

What structure provides the passage of blood vessels and nerves to the joint cavity?

A

Acetabular foramen

122
Q

What movements can occur at the hip joint?

A

Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Medial Rotation/Lateral Rotation, circumduction

123
Q

What three structures make up the ankle mortice?

A

Lat malleolus, med malleolus, tibial pilon (plafund)

124
Q

What is the acetabulum “made of”?

A

triradiate cartilage w/ growth plate continuations

125
Q

What attaches the femur to the transverse acetabular ligament and labrum?

A

Ligamentum teres femoris (lig of head of femur)

126
Q

What is the attachment point if the ligamentum teres femoris?

A

Fovea capitis depression

127
Q

Flexion of the hip has the joint in what kind of position?

A

open packed

128
Q

Extension of the hip has the joint in what kind of position?

A

closed packed

129
Q

What movement of the hip joint winds the spiraling ligaments and fibers more tightly, constricting the capsule, and drawing the femoral head tightly into acetabulum?

A

Extension

130
Q

What movement unwinds the spiraling ligaments and fibers of the hip joint?

A

Flexion

131
Q

What does the angle of Wilberg indicate?

A

degree in which the ilium overlies the femoral head. normal = 30-40deg, decreases may indicate joint instabilitity

132
Q

What ligament extends from the AIIS and acetabular rim to the intertrochanteric line?

A

Iliofemoral (Y-shaped) ligament

133
Q

What does the iliofemoral ligament prevent?

A

Hyperextension in standing

134
Q

What does the ischiofemoral ligament connect?

A

Acetabulum to neck of femur and greater trochanter

135
Q

What does the ischiofemoral ligament prevent?

A

Hyperextension

136
Q

What ligament connects the acetamulum and pubic ramus to the intertrochanteric line?

A

Pubofemoral ligament

137
Q

What does the pubofemoral ligament prevent?

A

Excessive abduction

138
Q

What structure has capsular fibers that encircle the neck of the femur?

A

Zona orbicularis

139
Q

Of the four hip ligaments, all but which ligament are the spiral ligaments?

A

Zona orbicularis

140
Q

What is the strongest ligament in the body?

A

Iliofemoral

141
Q

What do the two extensions of the hip joint synovial capsule serve as?

A

bursae

142
Q

What are the bursae of the hip?

A

Obturator internus bursa and bursa for tendon of obturator externus

143
Q

What lines the joint capsule where there is no articular cartilage?

A

synovial membrane

144
Q

Describe the blood supply of the hip joint?

A

main supplier: retinacular arteries of Femoral Circumflex arteries (branch of profunda femoris) and the artery to the head of the femur (branch of the obturator artery)

145
Q

What is the anterior innervation of the hip joint?

A

Femoral nerve (flexors)

146
Q

What portion of the hip is innervated by the obturator artery?

A

Medial

147
Q

What is the posterior innervation of the hip joint?

A

Superior gluteal nerve (abductors)

148
Q

What is the posteroinferior innervation of the hip joint?

A

Nerve to quad fem (Lateral rotators)

149
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

synovial hinge

150
Q

What is the articulation of the knee joint between?

A

femoral and tibial condyles

151
Q

What motion must occur for the femur to maintain contact with tibia due to the femur’s larger articular surface?

A

some sliding

152
Q

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

patellar ligament, lateral collateral ligament, medial collateral ligament, arcuate ligament, oblique popliteal ligament

153
Q

What ligament is the continuation of the quadriceps tendon, strengthening the anterior knee capsule?

A

Patellar ligament (anterior ligament of the knee)

154
Q

Which ligament(s) provide stability while standing due to their taut nature during extension?

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

155
Q

Where does the medial collateral ligament “originate and insert”?

A

medial epicondyle of femur to medial surface of tibia

156
Q

Where does the lateral collateral ligament “originate and insert”?

A

lateral epicondyle of femur to lateral surface of the head of the fibula

157
Q

A valgus producing force occurs due to what type of blunt force?

A

excessive Abduction

158
Q

A varus producing force occurs due to what type of blunt force?

A

excessive Adduction

159
Q

A valgus producing force can tear what ligament?

A

Medial collateral

160
Q

A varus producing force can tear what ligament?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

161
Q

What ligament is y shaped and inserts into the intercondylar area of the tibia and posterior aspect of the lateral epicondyle of the femur?

A

Arcuate popliteal ligament

162
Q

What ligament is a recurrent expansion of the tendon of SemiM from medial tibial condyle toward lateral femoral condyle?

A

Oblique popliteal ligament

163
Q

The arcuate popliteal ligament acts over what muscle?

A

popliteus

164
Q

How does the oblique popliteal ligament run?

A

parallel to popliteus (oblique direction)

165
Q

What bursa is the extension of the synovial capsule between the femur and quadriceps tendon?

A

suprapatellar

166
Q

What bursa is the extension of the synovial capsule between the popliteus and lateral condyle of tibia?

A

Popliteus

167
Q

What bursa is the extension of the synovial capsule between themedal head of gastroc and femur?

A

Gastrocnemius

168
Q

Which bursa can cause a Bakers cyst?

A

Popliteus

169
Q

What bursa is between the skin and patella?

A

subcutaneous prepatellar

170
Q

What bursa is between the skin and tibial tuberosity?

A

Subcutaneous infrapatellar

171
Q

What bursa is between the patellar ligament and tibia?

A

Deep infrapatellar

172
Q

What are the intrascapular ligaments?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament

173
Q

Where does the ACL arise and attach?

A

anterior intercondylar area of tibia to posterior part of medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur

174
Q

What does the ACL prevent?

A

hyperextension and Posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia/Anterior displacement of the tibia on femur

175
Q

Where does the PCL arise and attach?

A

post aspect of intercondylar area of tibia to lateral side of medial condyle of femur

176
Q

What does the PCL prevent?

A

Rolling of femur(Hyperflexion), anterior displacement of femur on tibia/posterior displacement of the tibia

177
Q

Which cruciate ligament is the main stabilizer of the flexed knee during gait?

A

PCL

178
Q

What are the two fibrocartilaginous discs that deepen the articular fossa of the tibia?

A

Menisci

179
Q

Which meniscus is c shaped? o shaped?

A

medial, lateral

180
Q

Which meniscus moves more freely?

A

lateral

181
Q

What ligaments attach the menisci to the tibial condyles?

A

coronary ligaments

182
Q

What separates the lateral meniscus from the fibular collateral ligament?

A

Tendon of popliteus

183
Q

What is the strong tendinous extension of the lateral meniscus attaching to the PCL and medial condyle of the tibia?

A

Posterior meniscofemoral ligament

184
Q

What part of the menisci have blood supply vs doesn’t?

A

the lateral third(red zone), medial third(white zone)

185
Q

What is the arterial supply of the knee joint?

A

Genicular branches of popliteal and anterior tibial arteries

186
Q

What nerves innervate the knee joint?

A

obturator, femoral, tibial, common peroneal, saphenous

187
Q

What is the name of the ankle joint?

A

Talocrural joint

188
Q

What is the articulation of the TC joint?

A

tibia and fibula with talus

189
Q

What type of joint is the TC joint?

A

Synovial hinge

190
Q

What movements occur at this joint?

A

Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion

191
Q

What movement is more stable at the ankle?

A

Dorsiflexion

192
Q

Where does the tibia articulate with the talus?

A

at the ankle mortise ans medial malleolus

193
Q

Where can a lisfranc fracture occur?

A

midfoot - Tarsometatarsal joint

194
Q

What are the three ligaments that attache the lateral malleolus to the talus and calcaneus?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, and calcaneofibular ligament

195
Q

Where does the anterior talofibular ligament run?

A

Lat malleolus to neck of talus

196
Q

Where does the posterior talofibular ligament run?

A

Lat malleolus to lateral tubercle of the talus

197
Q

Where does the calcaneofibular ligament run?

A

Lateral malleolus to lateral surface of calcaneus

198
Q

What do the medial collateral ligaments of the ankle attach?

A

Medial malleolus to talus, calcaneus, and navicular

199
Q

What are the four parts of the medial collateral(deltoid) ligament of the ankle?

A

Tibionavicular, anterior tibiotalar, posterior tibiotalar, tibiocalcaneal

200
Q

The medial collateral ligaments of the foot/ankle stabilize the ankle during what movement?

A

Eversion

201
Q

The lateral collateral ligaments stabilize the ankle during what movement?

A

inversion

202
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the ankle.

A

Malleolar branches of the fibular, and anterior and posterior tibial arteries

203
Q

What nerve(s) innervate(s) the ankle?

A

tibial and deep preoneal, also saphenous, sural, and superior peroneal

204
Q

What are the main foot joints?

A

Subtalar (talocalcaneal), transverse tarsal (calcaneocuboid and talonavicular joints),

also tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints but only slight movement there

205
Q

What movements do the foot joints allow?

A

Inversion and eversion

206
Q

What is the subtalar joint?

A

Articulation of the talus and calcaneus

207
Q

What type of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

Synovial

208
Q

What are the two parts of the transverse tarsal joint?

A

Talocalcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid

209
Q

What movements does the midtarsal joint augment?

A

IV/EV

210
Q

What type of joint is the talocalcaneonavicular joint and what movements does it allow?

A

Synovial ball and socket, permits gliding and rotation

211
Q

What ligament extends from the sustenaculum tali to the posterior surface of the navicular for maintaining the longitudinal arch?

A

Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

212
Q

What type joint is the calcaneocuboid joint and what movements does it allow?

A

synovial, IV/EV adn circumduction

213
Q

What are the ligaments of the calcaneocuboid joint?

A

Long and short plantar ligaments

214
Q

What ligament forms a tunnel for passing tendons?

A

Long plantar ligament

215
Q

What do the plantar ligaments help support?

A

the longitudinal arch

216
Q

The transverse tarsal joint is supported dorsally by what?

A

The bifurcated ligament and dorsal talonavicular ligament

217
Q

What ligaments make up the bifurcated ligament?

A

Calcaneocuboid and calcaneonavicular ligaments

218
Q

What movements can occur in the forefoot at the MTP an IP joints?

A

Flexion and extension

219
Q

The bones of the foot proximal to the MTP joints are united by what ligaments?

A

Dorsal and plantar ligaments

220
Q

The bones of the MTP and IP joints are united by what ligaments?

A

Lateral and medial collateral ligaments

221
Q

Describe the blood supply of the foot joints.

A

post tibial artery -> medial and lateral plantar and ant tibial artery -> dorsalis pedis and arcuate arteries

222
Q

Describe the innervation of the foot joints.

A

tibial nerve -> Medial and lateral plantar nerves, superificial peroneal nerve -> medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves, deep peroneal

223
Q

What do the MTP and IP joints allow during gait cycle?

A

push off

224
Q

What bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Calcaneus, cuboid, and lateral two metatarsals

225
Q

What bones make up the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, and 3 metatarsals

226
Q

What bones make up the transverse arch?

A

Cuboid, cuneiforms, and bases of metatarsals

227
Q

A dislocation of the hip that can involve the sciatic nerve can result in what?

A

Paralysis of hamstrings and muscles distal to knee

228
Q

What ligament is overstretched in varum?

A

Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

229
Q

What ligament is overstretched in valgus?

A

Medial (tibial) collateral ligament

230
Q

An ankle sprain is the most common ankle injury. WHat excessive motion usually causes it?

A

inversion

231
Q

An avulsion fracture of the ankle breaks off what structure?

A

malleolus

232
Q

What occurs when the foot is forcibly everted?

A

Plott fx/dislocation

233
Q

Tarsal tunnel syndrome involves entrapment of what nerve involving the synovial sheaths of the tendons of the posterior leg?

A

Tibial nerve

234
Q

Hallux valgus from pressure from footwear and DJD causes what?

A

Lateral deviation of great toe

235
Q

What is hammer toe?

A

Proximal phalanx is permanently dorsiflexedand the MTP joint and the middle phalanx is strongly plantarflexed at PIP jont

236
Q

What is claw toe?

A

Hyperextension of MTP joints and flexion of DIP joints

237
Q

What is another term for flat foot?

A

Pes planus

238
Q

What is clubfoot?

A

foot that is twisted out of position = inability to flatten heel and sole causing ambulation on lateral surface of foot (talipes equinovarus is an example)

Anatomy (19 decks)

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