Pediatric Disorders of the Urinary system Flashcards by Damoine Ricks

Determine how the clinician can recognize acute glomerulonephritis in a child.

Dysuria

Decreased GFR

Hematuria

Normal BUN–creatinine ratio

Hematuria

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Identify a condition that can increase the risk for acute pyelonephritis.

Kidney stone

Enuresis

Duplex collecting system

Sleep apnea

Kidney stone

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Propose a symptom that neonates with urinary tract infection may present with.

Back pain

Malodorous urine

Hematuria

Fever

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Determine a characteristic of stage 1 Wilms tumor.

There is penetration through the peritoneal surface.

The vessels of the renal sinus are not involved.

There are positive lymph nodes in the pelvis.

There are lymph node metastases beyond the abdomen.

The vessels of the renal sinus are not involved.

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Determine what diagnostic imaging test can confirm a diagnosis of pyelonephritis.

CRP

Four-field chest radiography

Renal biopsy

MRI

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Predict what happens in glomerular inflammation and expansion.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is reduced.

Creatinine clearance is increased.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is stimulated.

Sodium retention is reversed.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is reduced.

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Determine what bacterium causes pyelonephritis.

Proteus

Yersinia

Mycoplasma

Prevotella

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Determine what contributes to the etiology of urinary tract infections in children.

Bowel habits

Acute nephrotic syndrome

Urolithiasis

Urethritis

Bowel habits

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Propose a symptom that neonates with urinary tract infection may present with.

Malodorous urine

Persistent irritability

Failure to thrive

Back pain

Failure to thrive

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Propose a differential diagnosis for acute glomerulonephritis.

Lupus nephritis

Kawasaki disease

Urolithiasis

Dysfunctional voiding

Lupus nephritis

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Determine what diagnostic imaging test can confirm a diagnosis of pyelonephritis.

Chest CT

Renal biopsy

Four-field chest radiography

DSMA scan

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Predict a physical examination finding of a child with enuresis.

Enlarged bladder

Diminished reflexes

Suprapubic pain

Right upper quadrant pain

Enlarged bladder

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Identify a condition that can increase the risk for acute pyelonephritis.

Sleep apnea

Neurogenic bladder

Duplex collecting system

Enuresis

Neurogenic bladder

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Identify a condition associated with enuresis.

Hinman syndrome

Bacteroides infection

Constipation

Vesicoureteral reflux

Constipation

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Determine an abnormality in a child’s urinary tract that is associated with increased risk of urinary tract infection.

Neurogenic bladder

Fistula

Renal tumor

Varicocele

Neurogenic bladder

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Determine how the clinician can recognize acute glomerulonephritis in a child.

Dysuria

Decreased GFR

Dribbling

Renal insufficiency

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Determine a characteristic of stage 1 Wilms tumor.

There are lymph node metastases beyond the abdomen.

There is penetration through the peritoneal surface.

The renal capsule is intact.

There are positive lymph nodes in the pelvis.

The renal capsule is intact.

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Identify an appropriate medication used to treat Wilms tumor.

Hydroxyurea

Leuprolide

Vincristine

Fluoropyrimidine

Vincristine

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Johnny is a 6-year-old who presents to the clinic with fever, flank pain, and urinary frequency and urgency. Predict another symptom that confirms a diagnosis for the clinician.

Peripheral edema

Suprapubic pain

Vomiting

Daytime incontinence

Vomiting

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Determine a symptom of enuresis that requires a referral to a specialist.

Previous pelvic surgery

Incomplete voiding

Nocturnal diuresis

Urinary dribbling

Previous pelvic surgery

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Identify a symptom of nonmonosymptomatic enuresis.

Urgency

Jaundice

Obstruction

Anal pruritus

Urgency

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Propose a differential diagnosis for acute glomerulonephritis.

Acute kidney injury

Dysfunctional voiding

Kawasaki disease

Urethritis

Acute kidney injury

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Predict a physical examination finding of a child with enuresis.

Tight heel cords

Suprapubic pain

Bulging hymen

Right upper quadrant pain

Tight heel cords

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Determine an abnormality in a child’s urinary tract that is associated with increased risk of urinary tract infection.

Spinal dysraphism

Spermatocele

Varicocele

Renal tumor

Spinal dysraphism

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Determine a symptom of Wilms tumor. Jaundice Erythroblastosis Fever New onset urinary incontinence

Fever

Identify an appropriate medication used to treat Wilms tumor. Erlotinib Leuprolide Hydroxyurea Doxorubicin

Doxorubicin

Identify a symptom of nonmonosymptomatic enuresis. Jaundice Failure to thrive Obstruction Crossing the legs

Crossing the legs

Conclude how glomerular inflammation occurs. Activation of the complement cascade Stimulated from water retention Proliferation of monocytes Excessive diuresis

Activation of the complement cascade

Identify a condition associated with enuresis. Ebstein anomaly Hinman syndrome Bacteroides infection Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease

Identify a symptom of nonmonosymptomatic enuresis. Dysuria Jaundice Anal pruritus Failure to thrive

Dysuria

Identify a symptom of nonmonosymptomatic enuresis. Failure to thrive Obstruction Jaundice Urgency

Urgency

Identify a condition associated with enuresis. Hinman syndrome Diabetes mellitus Vesicoureteral reflux Ebstein anomaly

Diabetes mellitus

Propose a differential diagnosis for acute glomerulonephritis. Dysfunctional voiding Urolithiasis Goodpasture syndrome Kawasaki disease

Goodpasture syndrome

Establish a condition that should be considered when establishing a diagnosis of Wilms tumor. Ureterocele Renal cell carcinoma Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis Dysfunctional elimination

Renal cell carcinoma

Propose a symptom that neonates with urinary tract infection may present with. Malodorous urine Sepsis Back pain Persistent irritability

Sepsis

Determine what bacterium causes pyelonephritis. Streptococcus Moraxella Yersinia Proteus

Moraxella

Propose how a clinician can determine the retractability of the testis. Keeping the temperature in the examination room on the cooler side Examining an infant in a warm bath Using tangential lighting in the examination room Performing a fine-needle biopsy

Examining an infant in a warm bath

Identify a type of balanitis. Circinate Paraphimotic Circumscribed Zoonotic

Circinate

Predict a symptom of labial fusion. Poor growth and development Diminished appetite Refusal to urinate Failure to thrive

Refusal to urinate

Recommend how the clinician should manage a child presenting with cryptorchidism. Refer to general surgery for gender re-assignment surgery. Refer to a pediatric surgeon for orchiopexy. Monitor for signs of penile cancer. Refer to a pediatric psychologist for evaluation.

Refer to a pediatric surgeon for orchiopexy.

Determine a characteristic of severe vaginal adhesions. Urinary retention Perianal itching Increased thirst Constipation

Urinary retention

Determine what results in pathological phimosis. Cryptorchidism Orchitis Orchiopexy Forcible foreskin retraction

Forcible foreskin retraction

Determine the location of an undescended testis. Anywhere along the normal pathway of descent In the abdomen In the sigmoid colon Just below the jejunum

Anywhere along the normal pathway of descent

Determine a cause of balanitis. Penile cancer Circumcision Phimosis Enuresis

Penile cancer

Determine what results in pathological phimosis. Orchitis Balanitis Cryptorchidism Inguinal hernia

Balanitis

Identify a complication of a hydrocele. Behavioral health concerns Rupture Foreskin erosion Penile cancer

Rupture

How is a hydrocele formed? Physical trauma Irritation by an environmental stimulus Connection with a peritoneal cavity hernia Bacterial infection

Connection with a peritoneal cavity hernia

What sign or symptom of testicular torsion is similar to that of orchitis? Visible testicular swelling Enuresis Small red erosions on the testis Foul-smelling discharge

Visible testicular swelling

Recommend how the clinician should manage a child presenting with cryptorchidism. Refer to general surgery for gender re-assignment surgery. Do nothing because all cases resolve spontaneously. Refer to a pediatric psychologist for evaluation. Wait for self-resolution.

Wait for self-resolution.

Identify a risk factor of cryptorchidism in boys. Urinary habits Genetics Trauma Infection

Genetics

Identify a potential sequella of phimosis. Foreskin fusion Penial adhesion Balanitis Nonretractile foreskin

Nonretractile foreskin

What is a key symptom of balanitis? Inflamed testicles Painful foreskin and penis Euphoria Painless penile swelling

Painful foreskin and penis

Identify a treatment for phimosis. Watchful waiting Repeated catheterization Nonsurgical adhesiolysis Antibiotics

Nonsurgical adhesiolysis

Propose how the clinician can determine whether a patient has orchitis. Perform a screening ultrasound. Obtain a thorough history. Perform a pelvic X-ray. Perform a KUB.

Perform a screening ultrasound.

Determine a characteristic of severe vaginal adhesions. Urinary retention Perianal itching Increased thirst Abdominal pain

Urinary retention

Identify a congenital abnormality associated with Wilms tumor. Hinman syndrome Cryptorchidism Neurogenic bladder Abdominal mass

Cryptorchidism

Establish a condition that should be considered when establishing a diagnosis of Wilms tumor. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis Dysfunctional elimination Ureterocele Hydronephrosis

Hydronephrosis

Identify an appropriate medication used to treat Wilms tumor. Hydroxyurea Leuprolide Erlotinib Actinomycin-D

Actinomycin-D

Determine a symptom of Wilms tumor. Malodorous urine New onset urinary incontinence Erythroblastosis Abdominal swelling

Abdominal swelling

Predict a physical examination finding of a child with enuresis. Right upper quadrant pain Suprapubic pain Diminished reflexes Poor anal sphincter tone

Poor anal sphincter tone

Determine how the clinician can recognize acute glomerulonephritis in a child. Normal BUN–creatinine ratio Generalized glomerular infiltration Dribbling Decreased GFR

Generalized glomerular infiltration

Identify a condition that can increase the risk for acute pyelonephritis. Sleep apnea Constipation Diabetes mellitus Enuresis

Constipation

Identify a cause of orchitis. Rotavirus Yersinia Gonorrhea Herpesvirales

Gonorrhea

What sign or symptom of testicular torsion is similar to that of orchitis? Lymph node swelling of the affected area Small red erosions on the testis Enuresis Foul-smelling discharge

Lymph node swelling of the affected area

Establish how the clinician will determine the presence of a hydrocele. Urine culture and sensitivity No reducibility Complete blood count Pelvic X-ray

No reducibility

Determine a cause of balanitis. Penile cancer Circumcision Enuresis Dysuria

Penile cancer

Propose how a clinician can determine the retractability of the testis. Keeping the temperature in the examination room on the cooler side Using a cross-legged position when examining the child Performing a fine-needle biopsy Using tangential lighting in the examination room

Using a cross-legged position when examining the child

Identify a treatment for phimosis. Antibiotics Topical steroids Watchful waiting YAG laser

Topical steroids

Determine a characteristic of severe vaginal adhesions. Abdominal pain Anuria Perianal itching Increased thirst

Anuria

Determine which of the following factors would impact the management of phimosis. Associated morbidity Duration Level of pain Shat size

Associated morbidity

Determine which of the following factors would impact the management of phimosis. Related history Shat size Duration Nonretraction type

Nonretraction type