Pediatric Flashcards
Explain the difference between growth and development
Growth is increase in physical size
Development is increase in function
Does development follow chronological age
No
What is cephalocaudal development
It’s development that moves from head downward through the body toward feet
What is Proximodistal development
Development from center of the body to outward extremity
What kind of grasp reflex does a newborn have
Involuntary
Which fontanel closes first
Posterior
Around what month do the anterior fontanel close
12-18 months
Around what month do the posterior fontanel close
2-3 months
How do you position an earlobe to view the auditory canal in a child
down and back
How many cups should a 15 month toddler consume daily
2-3 cups
What age is the best friend stage
9-10
What are the major causes of accidents in children up to 1 year of age
Falls
Poisoning
Burns
What is the major cause of accidents in a 6-12 years
MVA
Does the growth rate of a 6-12 year of age increase or decrease
decreases
A school age child requires how many calories
2400 calories
Who develops earlier, girls or boys and about how many year difference
girls and 1-2 years
What is the order to obtain vital signs
- Respiration
- Heartbeats
- BP
- Temperature
With temperature when should you do a rectal temperature and when should you not
Children younger than 2
contraindicated for immunocomppresed or no rectum
With temperature when should you do an axillary
All ages if oral is not possible
With temperature when should you do an oral temp
start at 5-6 years
With temperature when should you do a tympanic temp
All ages
What age group uses non-verbal as their primary mode of communication
Newborn(birth-1month) and infants (1month -12 months)
What age group uses crying as a way to express themselves
Newborn(birth-1month) and infants (1month -12 months)
What age group responds to human voice and presence
Newborn(birth-1month) and infants (1month -12 months)
What age group allows the nurse to speak in high-pitched voice and cuddle and pat and rub to calm them
infants (1month -12 months)
What age group is mroe receptive to language than expressive
Toddler and preschooler (1-5 years)
What age group uses concrete thinking and may misinterpret phrases
Toddler and preschooler (1-5 years)
What age group may ask a lot of questions, has a short attention spam, limited memory
Toddler and preschooler (1-5 years)
What age group uses egocentric, magical thinkers animism and expresess themselves with playing and drawing
Toddler and preschooler (1-5 years)
What age group uses logic, understands points of view, understands cause and effect and body functioning
School age (6-12 years)
What age group uses big vocal, has both receptive and expressive language and still has misinterpretation of phases
School age (6-12 years)
What age group can interpret nonverbal messages, express thoughts and feelings
School age (6-12 years)
What age group uses abstract thinking, has limited interpretation of medical terminology,longs for independence, needs privacy
Adolescent 13-18 years
What nursing strategy must be used for adolescents 13-18 years
Straightforward approach, talk in private
Conduct some interview without parent presence
What are some signs of respiratory dysfunction
- Accessory muscle use
- Nasal flaring
- Circumoral Pallor
- Sternal retractions
- Capillary refill>3 seconds
Laryngotracheobronchitis, an upper respiratory disease, common type is? who does it primarily affect and what is it caused by
Croup and affects children under 5 years. caused from viral infection
What are the S/S of Croup
Slight to severe dyspnea
Barking or brassy cough
Increased Temp
Treatment for Laryngotracheobronchitis(LTB)
- Manage mild Croup at home: Steam, hot showers, car rides cool wind, cool temps.
- Hospitalization: Nebulized Epinephrine (constrict edematous vessels)
- Corticosteroids to decrease inflammation
What is the difference between epiglottitis and croup
Epiglottitis is serous obstructive inflammation
Absent of cough
Presence of Dysphagia and rapid progression to severe respiratory distress
What is RSV
RSV is respiratory syncytial Virus that is an acute viral infection that affects the bronchioles, which includes RSV bronchiolitis or RSV pneumonia
Who is at more danger for RSV
the very young, leading cause of illness in children less than 2 years
What are some risk factors related to RSV
- Prematurity
- Congenital disorders
- Smoke
What can we do to prevent RSV
Immunize Palivizumab (Synagis) and RespiGam
If a person has
- URI
- Nasal discharge
- mild fever
- dyspnea
- Nonproductive cough
- tachypnea with flaring nares
- Retraction and possible wheeze what are these s/s common for
RSV
When can you notice worsening of symptoms of RSV if not treated
Days 2 or 3
How do we treat Mild RSV
Supportive Care: antipyretics
How do we treat Severe RSV
Suction Oxygen (may need mechanical vent) IV fluids Albuterol (Proventil) Antipyretics
What is pneumonia and how is it caused
Inflammation of lung
- viral- RSV, parainfluenza, Adenovirus
- Bacterial, Strep
- Mycotic (walking pneumonia)
- Aspiration pneumonia
What are some s/s of pneumonia
- Fine crackles or rhonchi, productive or non-productive cough
- Decreased or absent breath sounds
- Abdominal distention
- Back Pain
- Fever high
- Chest pain
How do we treat pneumonia
Depending on type
1) ABC
2) Oxygen
3) Fluids
4) Abx
5) Supportive care: hydration, antipyretics and nebs
What is Asthma
Inflammation and constriction of airways resulting in obstruction
What are some s/s of asthma
- cough
- SOB
- Audible wheeze
- prolonged expiratory wheeze
- restlessness and cyanosis
What is important thing to note with asthma education
avoid triggers
Pets, food, environmental condition and emotions
What two body systems are affected with cystic fibrosis
Resp and Gi
What type of enzymes can be given to help improve digestion and what is important to mention
Pancreatic enzymes, do not crush or chew the enzymes
What kind of diet do you want a person with cystic fibrosis to be on
Well balance
low fat
high calories
high protein
What kind of vitamins does a person with cystic fibrosis need
Water soluble, including A, D, E and K
What kind of stool does a person with Cystic fibrosis have
Steahorrhea, fatty frothy stool
What test is used to dx cystic fibrosis
Sweat Chloride
What electrolyte imbalance does a child with Cystic fibrosis have
Hyponatremia
What is the earliest sign of cystic fibrosis in achild
Meconium ileus
What are the mucous secretions in a person with cystic fibrosis
thick and sticky
Is cystic fibrosis an inherited disease from only one parent
No from both
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
What type of infection are Down Syndrome children most prone to develop
Respiratory, because of poor immune system
What is the most common defect in a person with down syndrome
Heart
What is the main reason for heart failure in children
Congenital heart defects
What are some early s/s of heart failure
- increased pulse at rest and with slight exertion
- increased resp rate
- scalp sweating
- fatigue
- sudden weight gain
What do you think of with fluid retention
Heart problem
What treatments should you be doing for a child with heart failure
- ongoing assessment
- listen to lungs
- control room temp
- sit them up
- rest
- decrease stimuli
- cool humidified oxygen
- uninterrupted sleep
- medications
What are some medications used to treat heart failure
- Digoxin
- Aceinhibitors
- furosemides