PATIENT PREPARATION Flashcards
components that will result in transient increase upon exercising
lactate
fatty acids
ammonia
components that will result in long term increase upon exercising
skeletal muscle enzymes: CPK, AST,
increased plasma level due to virgorous hand exercise
potassium
phosphate
lactate
components that will increased during chronic aerobic exercise
slight increase of muscle enzymes
CK, AST, LD and ALT
components that will increased during long distance exercise
decrease of FSH, LH, sex steroids,
but increase prolactin
hormones that will decrease during exercise
fsh, lh, estrogen and testosterone
basically all the gonads
kasi kapag intense workout or long distance exercise, naaactvate si HPA or hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis na siyang magpoproduce ng cortisol and other stress hormone
once activated si HPA kaya niya isupress si hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis,
hormones that will increase during exercise
prolactin and somatotrophin
fasting time requirement
between 8-12 hrs
what are the fasting specimens
FBS
lipids
lipoprotein
hormonal assay
fasting for 48 hrs may increase __
bilirubin
fasting for 42 hrs may increase
plasma triglyceride in males
glucose decreases in females
components in basal state collection
glucose
lipids
lipoproteins
electrolyte
components in basic metabolic panel
glucose
bun
creatinine
sodium
potassium
chloride]
co2
calcium
basal state collection is ideal at what time
early morning collection
12 hrs after the last ingestion of food
patients should be encourage to avoid making any dietary changes, drinking alcohol, or enagging in excessive exercises for at least how many hrs before having their blood collected for lab testing
24hrs
how caffein influences the concentration of glucose
increases due to the release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla and brain tissue
kape kasi diba nakakgising yan, fight and flight, catecholamines inhibitor ng insulin yan so increase glucose
obese persons may be seen with elevated what component
glucose, cortisol, TAG, and LD
high protein diet will cause increase
urea - from protein
uric acid from amino acid
ammonia - from protein
atkins diet means
high protein low carb diet
atkins diet has a markly increased plasma ___
urea and ketones
urea from proteins
ketones from lipolysis due to low glucose level
renin blood level is collected after how many days of low salt diet, and in what site
after 3 days, in peripheral vein
ethanol ingestion will cause elevated plasma ___
lactate
urate
triglyceride
chronic alcohol abuse will cause increased
HDL, GGT, uric acid
preferred posture during phlebotomy
upright or supine (lying)
recommendation when it comes to posture
patients should be seated/supine for at least ____ to ____ before blood collection to prevent hemodilution or hemoconcentration
15-20 mns
according to the current NCEF guidelines, in performing lipid test, the patient must be seated for how many mns before sampling to prevent hemoconcentration
5 mns
effect of changing position from supine to sitting/standing to blood vessels and plasma volume
changing from supine to a sitting or standing position causes constriction of the blood vessels and reduction of plasma volume
kaya kapag biglang tayo nakakahilo kasi lumiliit ung ugat, lower plasma volume, biglang konti ng blood circulating the body specially the brain
effect of changing position from supine to albumin, enzymes, and calcium
increases
effect of changing position from sitting to supine
shifting of water and electrolytes into tissues causing hemoconcentration
water napupunta sa interstitial spaces, umaalis sa vessels, nagiging concentrated tuloy ung blood
effect of changing position from standing to supine
causes extravascular water to transfer to the vascular system and dilute nondiffusable plasma constituents
decreased levels of chole, trigly, and lipoproteins
mnemonic to remember the effects of sitting and standing to supine position
sitting to supine
- SIT outside!
kapag from sit to supine, to outside ang direction ng water, causing hemoconcentration . Shifting of water and electrolytes to tissues
Standing to supine
- Stand in front of the wall, iniisip ko nalang ung wall sa loob ng bahay, so INSIDE
- inside and direction ng water. The extravascular water diffuses into vascular system and causing hemodilution
significant elevation of potassium after 30 mns of standing is due to the release of potassium from
muscles
prolonged bedrest will result to decrease _____ due to fluid retention
plasma albumin
renin plasma level is higher when ____ than ___
choices: standing, supine
higher when STANDING than SUPINE
maximum of how many minute of tourniquet application should be observed
max of 1 mn
effect of the pressure from the tourniquet tyo the blood
causes biological analytes to leak from tissue cells into the blood
effects pf prolonged tourniquet application
hemoconcentration (venous stasis) and anaerobiosis
components that will increase due to prolonged tourniquet application
potassium
proteins (albumin)
enzymes
lactate
cholesterol
ammonia
prolonged use of a tourniquet with fist exercises can increase the serum potassium level by how many mmol/L
1 mmol/L
a component which we dont use tourniquet for measurement
lactate
prolonged use of a tourniquet increased the total cholesterol by ___
10-15%
tourniquet application and or muscular activity may ___ venous po2 and pH
decrease, nauubusan ng oxygen thus nagiging acidic
components that will increase in tobacco smoking (nicotine )
catecholamines
cortisol
growth hormone
glucose
cholesterol
triglyceride
ammonia
urea
lactate
insulin
chronic smoking will cause elevated plasma ___
lactate
insulin
epinephrine
growth hormone
increased urinary 5HIAA
smoking can decrease plasma levels of
vitamin b12
describe the glucose level of a diabetic patients with chronic alcoholism
decreased concentration
effect of ethanol to ALT and LD
decreases alt for up to 50% and LD up to 70%
components that will increase when stress
catecholamines
cortisol
ACTH
prolactin
albumin
glucose
lactate
components that will increase in mild stress
slight elevation of total cholesterol
hdl-chole declines by almost 15%
`
medications affecting plasma volume can affect what components
protein, BUN, iron, and calcium
diuretics can cause decreased plasma __ and __
sodium and potassium
opiates can increase what enzymes
liver and pancreatic enzymes
what are the components affected by age
albumin
alp
cholesterol
phosphorus
what are the components affected by gender- male
albumin
alp
creatinine
uric acid
cholesterol
BUN
what are the components affected by gender - female
hdl
iron
cholesterol
what are the components affected by recent food ingestion - increased
glucose
TAG
gastrin
free calcium ions
what are the components affected by recent food ingestion - decrease
electrolytes (cl, K, P)
ALP
AMS
variation of cortisol
peaks at 4-6 am
lowest at 8-12 pm
50% lower at 8 pm than 8 am; increased with stress
variation of ACTH - adrenocorticotrophic hormone
lower at nigh
increased with stress
variation of plasma renin activity
lower at night
higher when standing with supine
variation of aldosterone
lower at night
variation of insulin
lowers at night
variation of growth hormone
higher in afternoon and everning
basta pagtulog, diba kapag afternoon nagna-nap tas evening kasi gabi
variation of acid phosphatase (ACP)
higher in afternoon and evening
variation of thyroxine
increases with exercise
variation of prolactin
higher with stress
higher levels at 4 am, 8 am, 8 pm, and 10 pm
variation of iron
peaks early to late morning
decreases up to 30% during the day
variation of calcium
4% decrease when supine
analytic methods that are based on oxidation-reduction reactions may be influenced positively or negatively by ingested substances such as
ascorbic acid
