CLINICAL LABORATORY Supplies (INSTRUMENTTAION AND AUTOMATION)) Flashcards
what are the types of glassware
- High Thermal Resistant Glass (borosilicate)
- High Silica Glass (COREX)
- High Alkali-Resistant Glass (boron free-soft glass)
- Low Actinic Glass
- Standard Flint Glass or Soda
Lime Glass
Most common Resistant Borosilicate
–Beakers–Flasks–Pipettes
Usual brand that may encounter in high thermal resistant glass is
Kimax and Pyrex
This has high resistance to thermal shock and chemical attack
High Thermal Resistant Glass
*They also have heavy walls to minimize breakage and is
used for making most of beakers, flask and pipette
High Thermal Resistant Glass
*Can be heated and autoclave
High Thermal Resistant Glass
this type of glassware does not contain heavy metals, arsenic, and antinomy
borosilicate glass
Made by removing all elements from borosilicate glass
but 6 times stronger than borosilicate glass
High Silica Glass (COREX)–Made by rem
Has good optical qualities, temperature capabilities and
is radiation-resistant
High Silica Glass (COREX)
Used for high precision analytical work and for optical reflectors and mirrors
High Silica Glass (COREX)
Not used for the type of glassware generally used in the
laboratory
High Silica Glass (COREX)
Partially used for strong alkaline solutions
High Alkali-Resistant Glass
–Often referred to as “soft glass” as its thermal
resistance is much less than of borosilicate glass
High Alkali-Resistant Glass
used primarily whenever digestion with strong alkali is made
High Alkali-Resistant Glass/ boron free/ soft glass
they are poor in heat resistance therefore it is
not autoclavable
High Alkali-Resistant Glass
Has materials that usually impart red color to the glass that reduce the amount of light passing through substance inside the glassware
Low Actinic Glass
Provides protection to reagents highly sensitive
to light ranging from 3,000 –5,000 Angstrom(A)
Low Actinic Glass
Used for substances that are particularly
sensitive to light such as bilirubin or Vitamin A
Low Actinic Glass
Used for the manufacture of
weighing bottles because it
develops less static surface
changes
Standard Flint Glass or Soda
Lime Glass
Composed of a mixture of the sodium
oxides, Calcium and silicon
Standard Flint Glass or Soda
Lime Glass
list the special glasses
*1. Colored and Opal Glasses
*2. Coated Glasses
*3. Optical Glasses
*4. Glass Ceramics (Pyroceram)
*5. Radiation –Absorbing Glasses
a special glass Used in light fitters, lamp bulbs and lightning lenses
Colored and Opal Glasses
a special glass that Have thin metallic oxide permanently fine bonded to the surface
of the glass
Coated Glass
a special glass that –Have electronic applications as heat shield to protect against
infrared light
. Coated Glasses
a special glass that is –Mostly soda –lime, lead and borosilicate of high optical purity–Used in making prisms, lenses and optical
Optical Glass
a special glass that –Have high thermal resistance, chemical stability and corrosion
resistance like borosilicate glasses–Useful in hot plates, table tops and heat exchanges
Glass Ceramics (Pyroceram)
a special glass that is –Made of soda-lime and lead–Useful in preventing transmission of huge energy radiation as gamma
rays and X-rays
Radiation –Absorbing Glass
Beginning to replace glassware in the laboratory setting
Plastic wares
Its unique high resistance to corrosion and breakage as
well as its varying flexibility, had made it most appealing
Plastic wares
Its relatively expensive, allowing for most items to be
completely disposable after each use
Plastic wares
a plastic ware
Unique group of resins with relatively inert properties
Polyolefins
a plastic ware that is Unaffected by acids, alkalis, salt solutions and aqueous solutions
Polyolefins
a plastic ware that can be autoclaved
Polyolefins
2 types of Polyolefins
Polypropylene and Polyethylene
a type of polyolefins that is More vulnerable to attack by oxidizing agents
Polypropylene
a type of polyolefins that can withstand higher temperatures
Polypropylene
–Both polypropylene and polyethylene are used primarily to _____
are used primarily to fabricate bottles, beakers,
jars jugs, funnels pipette jars, pipette baskets, tanks, burette
covers, check valves, disconnect valves, twistcock connectors,
needle valves, hollow stoppers, dropping pipettes, hydrometer
jars, stirring rods, tubings and reagent dispensers
a special glass that is Twice as strong as polypropylene and may be used at temperatures ranging
100C to 160C
Polycarbonate resin
a special glass we can use at temp ranging 100* to 160* celcius
Polycarbonate resin
a special glass that is Unsuitable for use with bases such as amines, ammonia, alkalis, and
oxidizing agents
Polycarbonate resin
a special glass that can be Dissolved by chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon
Polycarbonate resin
a special glass that is –Insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbon, some alcohols and dilute aqueous
solutions and Salts
Polycarbonate resin
a special glass that is Used extensively in centrifuge tubes and graduated cylinder
Polycarbonate resin
a special glass that is Non-toxic, clear plastic of modified plasticized polyvinyl chloride
Tygon
a special glass that is Can be used to handle most chemicals but should not be
subjected to prolonged immersion in aliphatic or aromatic
hydrocarbons, ketones and esters
tygon
a special glass that is –Flexible at 30C, brittle at 45C and resists dry heat to 95C
Tygon
a special glass that can be steamed, autoclaved, and resists dry heat to 95*C
tygon
a special glass that is can be Used for the manufacture of tubing (i.e, tubing used in
Automated Analyzers)
tygon
a special glass that is Pure translucent white and inert to corrosive reagents boiling
aguaregia, nitric and sulphuricacids, boiling hydrocarbons,
ketones, esters and alcohols
Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin
a special glass that Can resist extreme temperatures ranging from 270C to 255C, used
in cryogenic experiments or work temperatures over extended
periods
Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin
a special glass Used for self-lubricating stopcocks, stirring bars, bottle cap liners
and tubing because of its anti-adhesive properties
Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin
3 characteristics/category of laboratory pippette
- design
- draining characteristics
- type
what is under the I. Design
- to contain and to delivr
what is under the II. Draining characteristics
blow out and self-draining
what s under the type category
measuring or graduated and transfer
what are the 2 drainage characteristic of a pipette
blow out and self draining
what is under the measuring or graduated pipettes
- Serologic–
- Mohr–
- Bacteriologic–
- Ball, Kolmer, and Kahn–
- Micropipette
what is under the transfer pipette
–1.Volumetric–
2.Ostwald-Folin–
3.Pastuer pipets–
4.Automatic macropipets or micropipets
Holds a particular volume but does not dispense that exact volume
TC (To Contain) Pipette
a type o pipette according to calibration
–Calibrated by introducing the exact weight of
mercury required to give the desired volume
at specific temperature
to contain pipette
Mercury does not wet glass and pipette
calibrated this way will contain but not
deliver the started volume
TC (To Contain) Pipette
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
Dispense the indicated volume
TD (To Deliver) Pipet
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
Calibrated by weighing the volume of
water that will flow from them by gravity
TD (To Deliver) Pipette
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
Rate of delivery must never be hastened by
blowing
. TD (To Deliver) Pipette
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
designed to meet the requirements of CLASS A type pipettes
to deliver pipette
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
also known as the rinse out pipette
to contain pipette
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
DOEST NOT meet the requirements of CLASS A type pipettes
to contain pipette
Types of Pipette Based on Dispensing
–Same as TD pipette but drops remaining at
the tip after delivery is blown out to
receiving vessel
to blow-out pipette
Types of Pipette Based on Dispensing
An etched ring is seen near or top of the
mouthpiece of the pipette and exact volume is obtained when the last drop is blown out
“To Blow-Out” Pipette
Types of Pipette Based on Dispensing
The user allows the contents of the pipette
to drain by gravity
Self Draining pipette
why do blow out pipettes are not considered rinsed out kahit pa binoblow out?
di na rinse out pipette kasi di na need i rinse/blow kasi nga niboblow na talaga siya
unlike sa to contain pipette classified as rinse out siya kasi need pa siya i blow or rinse to remove the excess inside
example of blow out pipette
serologic and ostwald folin
Types of Pipette Based on Dispensing
Types of Pipette Based on Dispensing
this does not have an etch
self draining pipette
Types of Pipette According to Use
Has the greatest degree of accuracy and
precision
Volumetric / transfer Pipette
Types of Pipette According to Use
–Designed to dispense one volume w/o
further subdivisions
Volumetric / transfer Pipette
Types of Pipette According to Use
Calibrated to deliver a fixed volume of liquid
Has a bulb between mouthpiece and tip that
decreases surface area/unit volume and
diminished error from water film
Volumetric / transfer Pipette
Types of Pipette According to Use
–Self-draining
Volumetric / transfer Pipette
Types of Pipette According to Use
Used in measuring VISCOUS FLUID–Measures smaller volume
–Has a bulb near the tip
Ostwald-Folin Pipette
Types of Pipette According to Us
–Etch mark, ring near mouthpiece
–Used with biologic fluids thicker than that
of water
–Blow-out pipette
Ostwald-Folin Pipette
need i blow malapot eh baka may matira
Types of Pipette Based on type or use
transfers fluid without the consideration of a specific volume
pasteur
Types of Pipette According to Use
Used to deliver an amount of liquid
contained between two calibration on
marks
Graduated/measuring Pipette
Two types of Graduated Pipettes:
Serologic Pipette
Mohr Pipette
a type of graduated pipette that is
- The rate of fall of liquid is much too fast
- Has an etched band on the suction
Serologic Pipette
Two types of Graduated Pipettes:
- Has calibration marks to the tip
– Blow-out pipette
*Serologic Pipette
Two types of Graduated Pipettes:
–o Calibration lies between two marks
–o No graduations to the top
–o Self-draining pipette
mohr pipette
a type of graduated pipette
“ To contain” pipette which is calibrated with mercury
Micropipettes
types of Graduated Pipettes:
–No calibration
–For biologic fluid without specific volume
Pasteur Pipette
- Is the most routinely used pipette
. Automatic Pipette (Macro ->1ml; Micro -<1ml)
advantages of using automatic pipette
–o Time savings
–o Safety
–o Stability
–o Ease of use
–o Increase in precision
–o Lack of required cleaning
types of automatic pipette
–o Air displacement
–o Positive Displacement
–o dispenser/Dilutor
this automatic pipette’s piston does not come in contact with the liquid
air displacement pipette
this automatic pipette wherein the piston operates and moves in the pipette tip or barrel, much like a hypodermic syringe
positive displacement pipette
this automatic pipette relies on piston for suction creation to draw the sample into a disposable tip
air displacement pipette
this automatic pipette does not require different tip each use, it utilizes teflon tipped plunger that fits tightly inside the capillary which is either siliconized glass or plastic
positive displacement pipette
this automatic pipette obtains liquid from a common reservoir and dispenses repeatedly
dispenser/dilutor pipette
this automatic pipette combines dispensing and sampling functions
dispenser/dilutor pipette
–Should be made of glass that is
resistant to many chemicals used
and resistant to heat
–Used for general mixing and
reagent preparation
–Wide, straight-sided cylindrical
vessels and are available in many
sizes in several forms
beakers
calibrating medium for TD pipettes and TC pipettes
To deliver - distilled water
To contain - Mercury
verify the accuracy and precision of pipette volumes
gravimetric and spectrometric
what type of pipette is always checked for accuracy and precision before being used
micropipettes
–Used to measure volumes of liquids when
high degree of accuracy is not
essential
GRADUATED MEASURING CYLINDERS
–Pear-shaped flasks
–Have one calibration mark on narrow part
of the neck
VOLUMETRIC FLASKS
–Used to contain a specific amount of
volume of liquid
VOLUMETRIC FLASKS
a cleaning solution for glasswares
acid dichromate
when using mechanical pipettes, forward mode is the routine and standard technique of pipetting,
then when do we use the reverse technique
when using air displacement pipette specially if the solution is slightly viscous
refers to the amount of air from the lower part of the pipette piston and the surface level of the sample
air cushion
a measuring equipment that has the Precision is up to 1/1000 of a gram
Analytical Balance
classes of Balance
- Number of Pans (Single or Double),
- Mechanical or Electronic–
- Operating Ran
measuring equipment that has a Precision is up to 0.1 gram
Rough / Platfrom Balance
example of Rough / Platfrom balance
Torsion Balance –for weighing chemicals
–3 beams are present in
the balance
*Triple beam balance
types of centrifuge
–Fixed-angle head
–Swinging-bucket type
–Ultracentrifuge
–Tachometer
–Strobe light
chemical or reagent
–Is a substance that occurs naturally or is obtained through
a chemical process
chemical
chemical or reagent
–It is used to produce a chemical effect or reaction
chemical
CHEMICALS orREAGENTS
–Produced in various purities or grades
chemicals
–Defined as any substances employed to produce a
chemical reaction
reagent
–When QUANTITATIVE determinations are to be performed
and accurate standard solutions prepared, it is necessary
to use ____
pure chemicals
What are the 5 grade chemicals
Reagent Grade / Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade
Chemically Pure (CP) Grade
United States Pharmacopia(USP) and National Formulary (NF) Grade
These chemicals are of a high degree of purity and
are used often in the preparation of reagents in the
clinical laboratory for many reagent grade or AR
chemicals,
reagent grade, or analytic reagent
those that meet their standards are
designed by the letter ACS (American Chemical
Society)
Reagent Grade / Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade
–These chemicals are sufficiently pure to be used in many analyses
in the clinical laboratory However, the designation does not reveal
the limits of impuritiesthat are tolerated and so, they may not be
acceptable for research and various clinical laboratory technique
unless they have been specifically analyzed for the desired
procedure.
Chemically Pure (CP) Grade
It may be necessary to use this grade when higher purity
biochemically are not available
Chemically Pure (CP) Grade
–These reagents meet the specifications stated in USP
and NF
United States Pharmacopia(USP) and National
Formulary (NF) Grade
They are generally less pure than CP grade, as the
tolerance is specified such as they are not injurious to
health rather than chemically pure
. United States Pharmacopia(USP) and National
Formulary (NF) Grade
–These chemicals may be used as starting
materials from synthesis of other chemicals of
greater purity but generally should not be used
in clinical chemistry.
Purified, Practical of Pure Grade
These type of reagent have been put through
additional purification steps ULTRAPURE
Purified, Practical of Pure Grade
–These chemicals are used only for industrial
purposesand are generally not used in the
preparation of reagents for the clinical laboratory
Technical / Commercial Grade
The highest grade or purest chemicals are available from
the .–
National Bureau of Standards
These agencies or bureaus all supply certified clinical
laboratory standards
National Bureau of Standard (NBS)
College of American Pathologists (CAP)
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)
Highly purified chemicals which may be weighed out directly in the
preparation of solutions of selected known concentration
Primary Standard
A prepared solution whose concentrations is determined by an
analysis of an aliquot amount of the solution using primary
standard and acceptable reference method
Secondary Standard
–Chemicals used in clinical chemistry analysis that are available in
RELIABLE PREPERATIONS
Reference Standard
–A reference sample is also referred to as “__”
control material
It is actually a sample in which the chemical composition and the
physical characteristics stimulate the specimen being analyzed
Reference Standard
reference standard can be a ___ or a _
serum or a reference pool
reference standard
–It may be __ in which the values are
identified.
unassayed and assayed
–These samples are useful for proficiency testing, inter
laboratory surveys and in the calibration of reference
materials (commercial) kits and reagent sets
reagent standard
3 classes of standard
Calibration Reference Material
Control Materials with Assigned Values
Control Materials without Assigned Values
a class of reference standard
A reference material in which the confidence of the assigned value shall be such that the overall uncertainty interval does not exceed 8% of the 95% normal range of constituent
Calibration Reference Material
a class of reference standard
–These are used as controls
–The confidence limit is such that overall uncertainty does not exceed 20% of the
95% normal range
Control Materials with Assigned Values
a class of reference standard
This sample is similar the unknown and it should be included in every set of
determination
Control Materials without Assigned Values
Types of Water
- Distilled water
- Deionized water
- Reverse osmosis water
- Ultrafiltration
- Reagent grade water
a water from distillation process
Distilled water
a water from ion-exchange process
Deionized water
–uses pressure to force water to move
through a semipermeable membrane
Reverse osmosis water
type of water for UV light, sterilization, ozone treatment
Ultrafiltration
a water approved by the CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards
Institute)
Reagent grade water
types or example of Reagent grade water
–A. Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water
–B. Special R.W.
–C. Instrument Feed Water
–D. Water supplied by the Method Manufacturer
–E. Autoclave and Wash Water
–F. Commercially bottled purified water
what are the water parameters
–Microbiological content
–pH
–Resistivity
–Silicate
–Particulate matter
–Organics
Water Purity Categories
type I, II, III
type of water purity that is used for the test methods which requires
MINIMUM INTERFERENCES (e.g. Trace metal, iron and
enzyme analyses)
Type I
Type of water purity that is acceptable for most analytic requirements
(e.g. Reagent, Q.C, standards preparation)
Type II
type of water purity that is associated to
autoclave, wash water
Type III
water filtration examples
*Glass
*Cotton
*Activate charcoal
*Submicron filters
Chemical agents that prevent the coagulation or clotting of blood
are ____.
anticoagulants
–Prevents the formation of a white precipitate in uric
acid determination
lithium oxalate
is oxalate or grey top tube can be used for blood urea nitrogen test and other electrolyte test?
NOPE
why is oxalate not applicable for test with electrolyte
Na and K oxalate –3 mg or more /ml of blood
alters the electrolyte distribution in blood and
interferes with precipitation of protein (Folin-Wu);
gives too low sugar values and may cause shrinkage
of cells
an oxalate for hematologic purposes
Double oxalate
–The ammonium oxalate tends to __
up the RBC while potassium oxalate
acts in reverse
swell;
used as blood preservative for blood
glucose determination and at the same time act as a
weak anticoagulant.
Fluoride
anticoagulant that inhibits the enzyme involved in glycolysis
Fluoride
It is commonly used with oxalate whenever blood
must be preserved for later analysis and blood with
Na Fluoride is preserved for 24 hours at room
temperature
fluoride
fluoride should not be used in what test?
Should not be used for collecting specimens for enzyme
determination or when using enzyme in a test such as urease
it Acts on Ca to form insoluble calcium fluoride
flouride
an
efficient anticoagulant
for blood transfusion
since it is non-toxic and
the salt is rapidly
utilized and excreted
citrate
what are the elements included on a citrate
Na and K, ACD (Acid
Citrate Dextrose)
acts
as chelating agent which combines
with Ca which is essential for clotting
mechanism
edta
an edta that has solute to about 10%.
It should be neutralized to pH 7.4
before use by the addition of NaOH
disodium salt
–Naturally occurring substance found in the liver and lungs
and it is extremely effective in preventing the coagulation
of blood
heparin
an anticoagulant Preventing the production of plasma thromboplastin
heparin
heparin is Not an anticoagulant when acting alone. It acts in
____ fraction of plasma
conjunction with certain albumin
–Expensive and the dry powder is not readily soluble in
blood
heparin
non certified thermometers are can be calibrated by using
NIST SRM 934
NIST SRM 1968 gallium melting point cell
temperature monitoring devices should be verifed for accuracy at
6-12 months intervals
type of thermometer for freezers and refrigerators
total immersion
type of thermometer for water baths and heating blocks
partial immersion
advantages of automation
increases the number of tests to be performed in a given period
minimizes variation of result from one laboratorian to another
eliminates the potential error in manual analyses such as pipetting, calculation, and transcription of results
steps in automated analysis
specimen preparation and identification
specimen measurement and delivery
reagent system and delivery
chemical reaction phase (samples and reagents are mixed together)
separation and incubation
measurement phase
signal processing and data handling
LIS support
3 types of automation
continuous flow analyzer
centrifugal analyzer
discrete analyzer
a type of automation where liquids are pumped through a system of continuous tubing
continuous flow analyzer
a type of automation in which it uses force generated by centrifugation to transfer specimen and reagents
centrifugal analyzer
also known as a run based system which means it cannot be interrupted once the batch testing/measurement has started
centrifugal analyzer
a type of automation where air bubbles at regular intervals serve as separating and cleaning meida
continuous flow analyzer
a type of automation where analysis of samples is through sequential tetsing in a single or multiple parallel channel configuration
continuous flow analyzer
a type of automation in which acceleration and deceleration is used to transfer reagents and samples from chamber to another
centrifugal analyzer
the most popular and versatile analyzer - measures only the test requested on a sample
discrete analyzer
sources of errors in automation
carry over contamination
sample evaporation
presence of clot
inadequate sample
reusable probes
