finals - proteins Flashcards
1
Q
protein came from a greek word __
A
proteios
2
Q
Protein comes from the greek word proteios, meaning___
A
“first rank of importance.”
3
Q
proteisn are synthesized in the __and secreted by the hepatocyte into the circulation except immunoglobulins (plasma cells).
A
liver
4
Q
amino acids are protein’s building block, how do amino acids are linked together
A
covalently
5
Q
Proteins can bear positive and negative charges which means they are __
A
amphoteric
6
Q
They can be both a weak base or weak acid, hence,
proteins are effective ___.
A
blood buffers
7
Q
longer chain but lower than 1 k chains
A
oligopeptide
8
Q
1k chain
A
polypeptide
9
Q
protein’s solubility is due to ___
A
high dielectric property
10
Q
They are very effective antigens due to their
___.
A
molecular mass, tyrosine content and their specificity
11
Q
They provide __of the total daily body energy
requirement.
A
12 to 20%
12
Q
Proteins are ____% of the cell’s dry weight
A
50% to 70
13
Q
elements of protein
A
1CHO - N
14
Q
additional elements of protein aside from CHON
A
sulfur, iron, phosphorous, and other metals
15
Q
It is the fact that proteins contain __ that sets
them apart from pure carbohydrates and lipids, which
do not contain nitrogen atoms
A
nitrogen
16
Q
The nitrogen content of serum protein is, on average,approximately __
A
16%.
17
Q
This measurement of ___ is used in one
method for total protein
A
nitrogen content
18
Q
a type of technique that measures Nitrogen that is directly proportional to the concentration of the total protein in the body
A
kendal daw
19
Q
Most versatile molecules in our bodies
A
proteins
20
Q
how many different proteins exist in our bodies
A
10,000-50,000
21
Q
Amino Acids are large molecules that is why they are termed as
A
macromolecules
22
Q
Fundamental building blocks of all proteins
A
Amino Ac
23
Q
Electric charge depends on __
A
pH of the solution and type of R group
24
Q
amine group elements
A
NH2
25
carboxyl group elements
COOH
26
amine group and carboxyl group is held together by
chiral carbon
27
the group which is responsible for the specificity of amino acid
r group
28
electric charge of basic or carboxylic group
negative
29
electric charge of acidic or amine group
positive
30
Basic solution – (-) charge, proton ___ from the
carboxyl group present forming COO
dissociate
31
Acid solution excess of protons (H+) which can attach to NH2 group to form ___
NH3+
32
These charges affect how each protein moves in an ___ -
electric field
33
the movement of proteins are based on
electric charges
34
it allow us to separate proteins based on the electric charges
SPE - serum protein electrophoresis
35
Both (+) and (-) charges may exist on the same
molecule
Zwitterion
36
netcharge of Zwitterion
neutral or 0
37
sum of molecules
charges equals zero.
isoelectric point
38
normal pH of protein is
5.5 - 8
39
once the protein is subjected to SPE the solution's pH must be
8.6
40
Functions of proteins
1. Repair body tissues
2. Important in blood coagulation and immunologic function
3. For transport of metabolic substances
4. Maintenance of osmotic pressure
5. Maintenance of blood pH (buffers)
6. Biocatalysts
41
in coagulation process, proteins are made up of
serine proteases
42
term referred to space inside the vessel
intravascular space
43
term referred to space outside the vessel
extravascular
44
extravasation of blood fluid
edema
45
Four Structures of Proteins
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
46
It is the linear sequence of the amino acid.
. Primary Structure``
47
It determines the Identity of protein, molecular
structure, function binding capacity and recognition
ability.
Primary Structure
48
Any change in the amino acid composition can
significantly alter the protein.
Primary Structure
49
It involves the winding of the polypeptide chain
. Secondary Structure
50
It refers to specific 3-dimensional conformations -
alpha helix, beta pleated and bend form
Secondary Structure
51
How the protein chain twists and bends along its
length
alpha helix
beta pleated sheet
random
52
Secondary Structure
coil, resembling a spring
alpha helix
53
Secondary Structure
flat, corrugated structure
beta pleated sheet
54
Secondary Structure
no apparent pattern
random
55
It is the actual 3-dimensional configuration, the folding
pattern of the protein.
tertiary Structure
56
It is responsible for many of the physical and chemical
properties of the proteins.
Tertiary Structure
57
It is maintained by electrovalent linkages, hydrogen
bonds, disulfide bridges, Van der Waals forces and
hydrophobic interactions.
Tertiary Structure
58
It is the association of 2 or more polypeptide chains to form a functional protein molecule.
Quaternary Structure
59
Example of quaternary structure h
hemoglobin, LDH, CPK
lactate dehydrogenase
creatinine phosphokinase
60
Classes of Proteins according to Functions
1. Enzymes
2. Structural proteins
3. Contractile proteins
4. Antibodies
5. Transport proteins
6. Peptide hormones
61
a transport protein that has no quarternary structure - single polypeptide
Albumin
62
are those that generate
precursors of glucose such as pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediates.
Glucogenic amino acids
63
are degraded to acetyl-CoA
such as leucine or lysine.
Ketogenic amino acids
64
how do we able to convert amino acids to glucose
gluconeogenesis
65
Example of glycogenic amino acid:
alanine (pyruvate),
arginine (a- ketoglutarate),
aspartate
66
Classification of Proteins according to Functions
Simple Protein
Conjugated Proteins
67
2 types of simple proteins
fibrous or globular
68
They contain peptide chains which on hydrolysis yield
only amino acids.
Simple Proteins
69
example of fibrous simple protein
fibrinogen, collagen
70
example of globular simple protein
hemoglobin, plasma proteins, peptide
hormones
71
are compact and have
little or no space for water in the interior of the molecule; they retain their biological activities within
narrow ranges of temperature and pH.
globular proteins
72
These are composed of a protein (apoprotein) and a
non-protein moiety (prostheticgroup).
Conjugated Proteins
73
the protein part of conjugated protein is calld as
apoprotein
74
the nonprotein part of conjugated protein is calld as
prosthetic group
75
a conjugated proteins
example of Metalloproteins
ferritin, ceruloplasmin
hemoglobin and flavoproteins
76
a conjugated proteins
example of Lipoproteins
VLDL, HDL, LDL, chylomicrons
77
a conjugated proteins
example Glycoproteins
haptoglobin, a1-antitrypsin (with
10%-40% CHO)
78
a conjugated proteins
example Mucoproteins or proteoglycan
mucin (higher
CHO content than CHON)
79
a conjugated proteins
example Nucleoproteins
chromatin
80
is a balance between anabolism
(synthesis) and catabolism
Nitrogen balance
81
It is when a protein catabolism
exceeds anabolism
Negative nitrogen balance
82
It is characterized by excessive
tissue destruction such as burns,
wasting disease, high fever and
starvation
Negative nitrogen balance
83
It is when anabolism is greater than
catabolism
Positive nitrogen balance
84
Positive nitrogen balance example are
growth, pregnancy and
repair processes
85
It migrates ahead of albumin
Prealbumin
86
Prealbumin alias
Transthyretin
87
half life of transthyretin or prealbumin
2 days
88
It is rich in tryptophan and contains 0.5%
carbohydrate.
Prealbumin (Transthyretin
89
t4 alias
Thyroxine
90
half life of pre albumin
2 days
91
secondary structure of pre albumin
B-pleated sheet conformation
92
Prealbumin (Transthyretin) aliases
retinol-binding protein.
thyroxine binding globulin
93
It is used to detect malnutrition and individual's
response to dietary supplementation
Prealbumin (Transthyretin
94
It is used as landmark to confirm that the specimen is really CSF
it crosses more easily into the CSF than
other proteins
Prealbumin (Transthyretin)
95
Prealbumin (Transthyretin) increased in
alcoholism, chronic renal failure, steroid
treatment
96
Prealbumin (Transthyretin in Decreased
poor nutrition
97
ref value of pre albumin
18-45 mg/dl :
Conversion factor: 10-
mg/L
98
retinol is also known as Vit ___
A -- VITAMIN A
99
It is the most abundant protein in the plasma. 1/2 of the protein mass
Albumin
100
It serves as a mobile repository of amino acids for
incorporation into other proteins.
Albumin
101
It is the general transport protein or carrier.
Albumin
102
Albumin half life
17 days
103
Elevations of serum albumin concentration occur in
✓ Dehydration
✓ Prolonged application of tourniquet for
venipuncture (artifactual hyperalbuminemia)
104
Measurements of albumin concentrations are
important in interpreting __ and___ and magnesium
levels because these ions are bound to albumin.
calcium and magnesium
105
Dye Binding methods for albumin measurements employ ___-
✓ Bromocresol Green (BCG)
✓ Hydroxyozobenzene Benzoic Acid (HABA)
106
The presence of albumin in the urine is considered
abnormal even in small amounts.
107
It is the protein present in highest concentration in plasma
albumin
108
A general transport protein (binds various substances in
the blood).
albumin
109
It Is a sensitive and highly prognostic marker in cases of cystic fibrosis
albumin
110
It is a "negative acute phase reactant"
albumin
111
a process wherein there's a decrease in
acute inflammatory processes.
negative acute phase reactant
112
Lowest plasma albumin levels are seen in active ___
nephrotic syndrome
113
nephrotic
syndrome is a diarrhea of
albumin and fats
114
ref of albumin
3.5-5.0 g/dl
(CF: 10-g/L)
115
it's a tight fitting cells that filters protein
podocytes
116
It serves as circulating reservoir of amino acids.
albumin
117
It is a group of proteins consists of a1, a2, B, and y fractions.
Globulin
118
It is usually measured by subtracting the value of serum albumin from the total protein concentration.
Globulin
119
Globulin
Elevated concentration in early ___ will balance
loss of albumin resulting to normal levels of total protein.
cirrhosis
120
Measurement of globulin
Total Protein - Albumin = Globuli
121
Globulin ref range
2.3-3.5 g/dl
CF: x10 g/L
23-35 g/L)
122
It is an acute-phase reactant, a glycoprotein.
Antitrypsin (AAT)
123
It neutralizes trypsin-like enzymes (like neutrophil elastase) - this enzyme is released from WBCs to combat infection but it can also destroy alveoli which can lead to emphysema.
Antitrypsin (AAT)
124
ASSOCIATED TO EMPHYSEMA
al-Antitrypsin (AAT)
125
It is a major inhibitor of protease activity - prevents
self-destruction of tissues.
al-Antitrypsin (AAT)
126
It comprises 90% of the a1-globulin band.
al-Antitrypsin (AAT)
127
AFP migrates in what band region
between albumin and a1-globulin
128
al-Antitrypsin (AAT) Increased:
inflammation, pregnancy and
contraceptive use
129
DEFICIENCY OF al-Antitrypsin (AAT) WILL LEAD TO
emphysematous pulmonary disease and
juvenile hepatic cirrhosis
130
ref range of AAT - al-Antitrypsin (AAT)
145-270 mg/dL (CF: 0.01-g/L)
131
what is the movement of alpha feto-protein in electrophoresis
migrates between albumin and a
1 globulin band
132
is afp a glycoprotein?
yes
133
It is synthesized initially by the fetal yolk sac and then by the fetal parenchymal cells of the liver.
AFP
134
It is the most abundant protein in fetal serum
afp
135
afp
It peaks in the fetus at ___ weeks of gestation.
13
136
afp
It is detectable in the maternal blood up to the ___ month of pregnancy - maternal serum
7th or 8th
137
AFP is ___ in the presence of twins (transmitted across the placenta).
increased
138
do afp has known function in adults?
it has no known function in adults
139
Specimen for AFP testing
maternal serum; amniotic fluid; serum (for
cancer screening)
140
Method for testing afp
immunochemical test (using monoclonal
antibodies against AFP), RIA and EIA
141
afp is a marker of __ in adult patient
cancer
142
ref range of afp
5 ng/ml (adult and children sera)
143
Maternal serum AFP is used to detect __ in a fetus or child
neural tube defect or down syndrome
144
Maternal AFP screening for NTD and DS is done between ___ weeks' gestational age when the maternal serum increases gradually.
15 and 20
145
AFP is also used as a tumor marker for ____.
hepatic and gonodal cancer
146
what are the example of NTD
anencephaly, spina bifida,
147
afp is increased in
hepatoma (> 1000 ng/ml), NTDs,
anencephaly, spina bifida, atresia of the GIT. fetal distress, ataxia telangiectasia, tyrosinosis, and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
148
afp is decreased in
Down syndrome and trisomy 18
149
al-Acid Glycoprotein is also known as
orosomucoid
150
a1-Acid Glycoprotein /orosomucoid
It contains high percentage of ___ and ____ (45% ___ + 11-12% _____).
CHO; sialic acid
151
al-Acid Glycoprotein /orosomucoid
it is ___ charged even in acid
solution.
negatively
152
alpha - acid glycoprotein/orosomucoid
It has greatest affinity for ___; binds
quinidine, lidocaine (cardioactive drug)
progesterone
153
It is a useful diagnostic tool in neonates with bacterial infections
a1-Acid Glycoprotein /orosomucoid
154
a1-Acid Glycoprotein /orosomucoid
its amino acid sequence is similar with
__
immunoglobulin
155
al-Acid Glycoprotein /orosomucoid
Increased in ___
pregnancy, cancer, pneumonia,
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cell proliferation
156
al-Acid Glycoprotein /orosomucoid (AAG)
ref range
55-140 mg/dL (CF: 0.01-g/L)
157
It is a serine proteinase with cathepsin G; acute phase reactant.
a1-Antichymotrypsin (al-x)
158
al-Antichymotrypsin (al-x
It migrates between the ___ zones;
synthesized in the liver
a1 and a2
159
It binds and inactivates prostate-specific antigen (PSA) - PSA complexed with al-x is
. al-Antichymotrypsin (al-x)
160
It is the major form of PSA found in human sera.
al-Antichymotrypsin (al-x)
161
It is associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease - al-xis a vital component of the amyloid deposits found in persons with such disorder.
al-Antichymotrypsin (al-x)
162
al-Antichymotrypsin (al-x) increases in what conditions
infection, malignancy, burn, AMI and
Alzheimer's disease
163
al-Antichymotrypsin (al-x) deficiency will result in
liver disease
164
al-Antichymotrypsin (al-x) reference valu
30-60 mg/dL (CF: 0.01-g/L)
165
It binds heme released by degradation of hemoglobin - has the strongest affinity for heme
Hemopexin
166
It helps in the diagnosis of early hemolysis
Hemopexin
167
Hemopexin
It migrates in the ___ region during electrophoresis.
beta
168
Hemopexin ref range
50-115 mg/dL (CF: 0.01-g/L
169
it exhibits affinity with vitamin D and actin (vitamin D binding protein)
Group-specific component
170
Group-specific component (Gc)-Globulin
It migrates in the___ interzone during
electrophoresis
a-1 and a-2
171
Group-specific component (Gc)-Globulin is also known as
vitamin D binding protein
172
manner of testing for Group-specific component (Gc)-Globulin is
Radial immunodiffusion
173
ref range of . Group-specific component (Gc)-Globulin
20-55 mg/dL (CF: 0.01-g/L)
174
is Haptoglobin synthesized in the hepatocytes?
yes
175
region of haptoglobin
a2 globulin
176
it has two heavy chains and light chains linked by disulfide bonds in analogy to the basic structure of immunoglobulins
haptoglobin
177
is Haptoglobin an apr?
yes
178
It binds free hemoglobin by its a chain
Haptoglobin
179
It prevents the loss of hemoglobin and its constituent
iron into the urine
Haptoglobin
180
It is a useful measurement for serially monitoring
patients who have a slow but steady rate of red cell
breakdown such as by mechanical heart valves,
hemoglobinopathies, or exercise- associated trauma
Haptoglobin
181
It evaluates degree of intravascular hemolysis (HTR
& HDN).
Haptoglobin
182
Haptoglobin
Its plasma level is slightly ___ after blood transfusion.
decreased
183
haptoglobin
It is also one of the proteins used to evaluate
__ diseases.
rheumatic
184
haptoglobin increases in what conditions
stressful conditions, myoglobinuri
185
haptoglobin decreases in what conditions
intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria
186
method of testing of Haptoglobin
radial immunodiffusion and immunonephelometry
187
reference value of haptoglobin
26-185 mg/dl (CF: 0.01-g/L)
188
It is a copper-binding glycoprotein that has enzymatic activities
ceruloplasmin
189
ceruloplasmin is synthesized in the liver, where___ atoms of
copper are attached
6 to 8
190
It imparts a blue color to protein
ceruloplasmin
191
ceruloplasmin
It is a marker for ___disease (0.1g/L of
ceruloplasmin).
Wilson's
192
ceruloplasmin
Clinical features of Wilson's disease:
deposition of copper in skin, liver, brain and cornea (Kayser Fleisher rings)
193
deposition of copper in the cornea is known as
(Kayser Fleisher rings)
194
Increased ceruloplasmin are can as well be seen in
inflammation, cancer and
pregnancy
195
decrease of ceruloplasmin are seen in what conditions?
Wilson's disease, malnutrition,
malabsorption, nephritic disease and Menkes kinky
hair syndrome
pero from chatgpt si wilson's disease daw eh copper overload to liver, skin, brain, and cornea
196
method of testing ceruplasmin
Copper oxidase activity and immunoassay
197
reference value of ceruloplasmin
18-45mg/dL CF: 10mg/L
198
It is the largest major non immunoglobulin protein in plasma.
a2-Macroglobulin (AMG
199
It is found principally In the intravascular spaces; it does not diffuse from the plasma space; lower
amounts can also be found in CSF
a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)
200
It inhibits proteases such as trypsin, pepsin and plasmin.
a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)
201
It increases 10x in nephrosis - the loss of AMG into urine is prevented by its large
a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)
due to its large size, presence in urine is not normal
202
It forms a complex with prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)
203
a2-Macroglobulin (AMG increases in what conditions
nephrotic syndrome, diabetes and liver
disease
204
method of testing of a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)
radial immunodiffusion,
immunonephelometry, EIA and latex agglutination
205
ref range of a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)
150-420 mg/dL (CF: 0.01-g/L)
206
It is a light chain component of the major human leukocyte
B2-Microglobulin
207
It is found on the surface of most nucleated cells; present in high concentration on lymphocytes.
B2-Microglobulin
208
It is needed in the production of CD8 cells
B2-Microglobulin
209
It is freely filtered at the glomerulus, and then is reabsorbed and metabolized completely by the proximal tubule elevated plasma levels are the result of impaired clearance by the kidneys or over production of proteins as seen in inflammatory diseases (RA and SLE).
B2-Microglobulin
210
it appears in the urine when reabsorption is
incomplete because of proximal tubular damage, as in acute kidney injury
B2-Microglobulin
211
it has a tendency to fold into a B-sheet configuration, resulting to amyloid formation - it is a common cause
of dialysis-associated amyloidosis.
B2-Microglobulin
212
B2-Microglobulin increases in
renal failure, multiple myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis (RA). erythematosus (SLE), and HIV
213
it may also be considered as a marker for neuro-behcet syndrome (silk road disease )
an inflammatory condition of the blood vessels, mainly affecting the white matter portion of the brain, eyes, GIT, skin, and genitals, with another manifestation of stiff neck
b2-microglobulin
214
Method of testing of b2 microglobulin
immunoassay
215
ref range of b2 microglobulin
0.2-2.8 ug/dL
216
It is a major component of the Beta-globulin fraction (electrophoresis).
Transferrin (Siderophilin)
217
transferrin is also known as
siderophilin
218
aside from albumin, this component of beta region is as well as negative APR
transferrin
219
It transports iron to its storage sites; CSF contains
small amount.
Transferrin (Siderophilin)
220
prevents loss of iron though the kidneys
transferrin/siderophilin
221
It is used to determine the cause of anemia, to
measure iron metabolism and determine the iron carrying capacity of the blood
Transferrin (Siderophilin)
222
It prevents loss of iron through the kidneys
Transferrin (Siderophilin)
223
trasnferrin
In ___ anemia, its concentration is normal
or increased.
iron deficiency
In iron deficiency anemia (IDA), transferrin levels increase because the body is trying to compensate for low iron levels by increasing its iron-carrying capacity.
224
a variant form of transferrin is found in the
CSF
225
an elevated plasma level of transferrin appears as "__"
paraprotein
pseudoparaproteinemia in severe iron deficiency anemia
226
Low plasma transferrin can impair hemoglobin
production and lead to _.
anemia
227
Deficiency of transferrin may result in the
accumulation of iron in apoferritin or in histiocytes, or precipitates in tissues as ___.
qhemosiderin
228
Increased transferrin is seen in
hemochromatosis (bronze-skin), ID
229
decreased transferrin is seen in
liver disease, malnutrition, nephrotic
syndrome
230
method of testing for transferrin
Immunodiffusion and immunonephelometry
231
ref range for transferrin
✓ Male 215-365 mg/dL (CF: 0.01-g/L)
✓ Female = 250-380 mg/dL (CF: 0.01-g/L)
232
"These are synthesized in the plasma B cells
Immunoglobulins
233
immunoglobulins:
These are glycoproteins composed of
___ proteins, and
__ carbohydrate produced by
white blood cells known as B cells, that confer
humoral immunity
82% to 96%;4% to 18%
234
Ig are increased in what conditions
hepatic
disease,
infections,
toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus infections, rubella
herpes, syphilis, allergic reactions, multiple myeloma
235
method of testing in Ig
nephelometry, turbidimetry, radial
immunodiffusion and immunoassay
236
it binds with proteins and lipids forming LDL, HDL, VLDL and chylomicrons.
Lipoprotein
237
it is one of the largest proteins in the blood.
Fibrinogen
238
It is the most abundant of the coagulation factor - it forms a fibrin clot when activated by thrombin
fibrinogen
239
band region of fibrinogen
between b and y globulin
240
It may serve as a marker for long-term prognosis of cardiovascular disease.
fibrinogen
241
High levels in plasma may cause elevated erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR) - by coating the cells
and allowing them to sediment faster in clumps.
fibrinogen
242
fibrinogen increased in what conditions
inflammatory disorders, pregnancy and
used of birth control pills
243
Decreased fibrinogen are seen in
extensive coagulation
244
ref range of fibrnogen
Reference value: 200-400mg/dL (2.0-4.0 g/L
245
___(and also C4) concentration is a convenient
marker for assessing disease activity in rheumatic
disorders such as RA and SL
C3
246
It is a member of pentraxin protein family
C-reactive protein (CRP)
247
was named because it binds to the C
polysaccharide of the pneumococcus it precipitates with the C substance, a polysaccharide of
pneumococci.
c reactive protein
248
It is a general scavenger molecule; gamma-migrating
protein.
c reactive protein
249
It is a cardiac marker - used as an early warning test to persons at risk of coronary artery diseas
c reactive protein
250
It is an inflammatory marker that appears to reflect the
severity of CHD and may contribute to its
pathogenesis
c reactive protein
251
c reatcive protein increases in
acute rheumatic fever, myocardial
infarction (MI), RA, gout, bacterial and viral infection
252
Reference value of c reactive protein:__
< 1.0 mg/dl
253
coronary heart disease CRP level
>10 mg/dl
254
is a low molecular weight gamma globulin and a cysteine proteinase inhibitor
cystatin C
255
is freely filtered by the glomerules and completely reabsorbed and catabolized by the proximal convulated tubule
cystatin C
256
