Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

In DM the pancreas fails to produce____or doesn’t make enough_____

Answer 1

Insulin

Question 2

The function of insulin (1)

Answer 2

Assist carbohydrates into cells

Question 3

Without insulin what happens? (4)

Answer 3

1) Cells become energy depleted
2) Serum glucose levels increase…which increase osmolarity in serum and this increase in osmolarity damages vessels
3) Hyperglycemia occurs
4) Cells break down their stores of fat and protein for energy
5) Fat breakdown results in ketosis (acidic)
6) Protein breakdown results in negative nitrogen balance

Question 4

Fat breakdown results in? (1)

Answer 4

Ketones possible leading to ketone acidosis

Question 5

Protein breakdown results in (1)

Answer 5

Negative nitrogen balance

Question 6

4 Cardinal Signs of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 6

1) Polyuria
2) Polydipsia
3) Polyphagia excessive hunger
4) Weight loss

Question 7

4 Primary classifications of diabetes is based on____?

Answer 7

CAUSE of diabetes

Question 8

Type 1 Diabetes: 1 cause

Answer 8

Develops due to destruction of beta cells in pancreas and no/reduced insulin production

Question 9

Type 2 Diabetes: 2 causes

Answer 9

Most common type of diabetes

1) Insulin secretory defect
2) Insulin resistance of cells

Question 10

Other specific types of diabetes: ( 3 examples)

Answer 10

8 sub categories: examples
Genetic defect
Drug-induced
Endocrine disorder

Question 11

Gestational Diabetes Mellitius

Answer 11

Any degree of glucose intolerance that first is first dx during pregnancy

Question 12

Adult: Acceptable Glucose Serum Range

Answer 12

65-99 mg/dl

Question 13

Child: Acceptable Glucose Serum Range

Answer 13

60-100 mg/dl

Question 14

1 day old: Acceptable Glucose Serum Range

Answer 14

40-60 mg/dl

Question 15

2 days old to 2 years old: Acceptable Glucose Serum Range

Answer 15

50-80 mg/dl

Question 16

Danger Range for Serum Glucose Levels

Answer 16

< 40 ; >400 mg/dl

Question 17

1) A1C result indicates?
2) AIC acceptable result for previously dx diabetic
3) AIC pre diabetic range (pt in this range are high risk for developing diabetes)
4) AIC diabetes dx
5) AIC range for normal non diabetic

Answer 17

1) How well diabetes is being managed over a 2-3 month period
2) AIC acceptable result for previously dx diabetic 7
3) AIC pre diabetic range 5.7-6.4
4) AIC > 6.5 on two separate tests
5) AIC range for normal non diabetic 4.5-6

Question 18

Factors that can effect accuracy of AIC test (4)

Answer 18

1) Excessive bleeding
2) Recent blood transfusion
3) AIC is based on HbA if pt has Hb variant results may come in low and another test is used
4) Iron deficiency /false high