pathology of stomach and cancer Flashcards
what can cause acute inflammatory disorders
irritant, shock eg trauma, head injuries
what are some causes of chronic inflammation
autoimmune, bacterial (H. pylori) and chemical
what are rare causes of stomach inflammation
lymphocytic, eosinophilic granulomatous
describe autoimmune gastritis
rarest, immune system produces antibodies that attack intrinsic factors. can cause pernicious anaemia and metaplasia
describe bacterial gastritis
most common, gram -ive, increases risk of ulcers and cancer, resides between epithelial cells and mucosa causing inflammation
describe chemical gastritis
due to NSAIDS, alcohol, bile reflux
what causes peptic ulcers
breach in GI mucosa due to acid and pepsin
where are peptic ulcers most common
duodenum then stomach - can burrow deeper
what are complications of ulcers
cancer, perforation, haemorrhage, stenosis
what are benign stomach cancers called
polyps: hyperplastic and cystic fundi
what is the most common malignant cancer and where does it tend to develop
carcinoma. proximally
why does h. pylori increase risk
gastritis can develop to dysplasia as cells regenerate
what are the 2 types and which is worse
type 1: intestinal, type 2: diffuse is worse as undifferntiated
where are lymphomas derived from
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
name another type of stomach cancer
GI stromal tumours GISTs
what are the symptoms of stomach cancer
heartburn, indigestion, feeling full/ bloated/ sick when eating, dysphagia, blood in faces, anaemia
what are investigations for stomach cancer
gastroscopy, endoscopy, Ba, ultrasound
what is the treatment if the cancer is in lower part of stomach
partial gastrectomy
what is the treatment if the cancer is in the upper or middle part of the stomach
total gastrectomy
how does chemical damage cause gastritis
Dissolves + destroys lipid bilayer, causing inflammation, hyperplasia and ulcers
what is dyspepsia
inexact term used to describe upper abdo pain, dysphagia, early saiety, nausea etc
how do you identify peptic ulcers
endoscopy
how do NSAIDs cause ulcers
inhibit COX which activates PGE to reduce HCL
how do you identify H pylori
biopsy = best, serology (IgA), urease breath test, culture and stool antigen
how do you treat peptic ulcers
PPI’s (omep), H2 antgagonists (tanditine), antacids
how do you eradicate H.pylori
clarith + omeprazole + amox/gent
