microbiology

Question 1

what is gastroenteritis

Answer 1

inflammation of the intestine, normally colon bringing blood and mucus often associated with food poisoning. can cause, D&V, fever, dehydration

Question 2

which bacteria have short incubation periods (1-6 hours)

Answer 2

bacillis cereus and staph A

Question 3

which bacteria have a medium incubation period (12- 48 hours)

Answer 3

salmonella and CI perfringens

Question 4

which bacteria have a long incubation period (2-14 days)

Answer 4

E.coli and campylobacter

Question 5

which bacteria is most likely to cause food poisoning

Answer 5

campylobacter

Question 6

what type of bacteria is shigella and why is it important

Answer 6

gram -ive, releases toxic shiga factor that binds to RBC cells and causes cell death. lots of other bacteria have shiga-like toxins

Question 7

describe bacillus cereus and how you get it

Answer 7

short incubation, +ive bacilli, heat resistant spores, reheated rice

Question 8

describe staph A and how you get it

Answer 8

+ive cocci, short incubation, preformed toxins in off food milk/ meat/ fish, causes vomiting

Question 9

describe salmonella and how you get it

Answer 9

salmonella eneritis, non-typhoidal (bloods), D&V, infectious, poultry/ meat/ eggs

Question 10

describe E.coli 0157

Answer 10

shiga toxin (veratoxin), low infectious dose = highly contagious from person to person, causes bloody diarrhoea

Question 11

how does E.coli 0157 spread

Answer 11

person to person contact

Question 12

what syndome can e.coli 0157 cause

Answer 12

haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS): abdo pain, fever, pallor

Question 13

what food does campylobacter normally colonise

Answer 13

poultry, cannot be spread from person to person

Question 14

what is antimicrobial stewardship

Answer 14

prescribing optimum dosage and duration that tackles infection and reduces resistance

Question 15

what order of stool investigations would be done for infectious agents

Answer 15

stool culture, microscopy, toxin, PCr

Question 16

what normally causes C diff in hospitals

Answer 16

broad spectrum antibiotics that wipe out normal flora

Question 17

what toxins does C diff contain

Answer 17

toxin A and toxin B

Question 18

what 4 antibiotics notoriously cause C diff

Answer 18

co-amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cephalosporins

Question 19

which antibiotics are given for less severe C diff

Answer 19

oral metronidazole

Question 20

when is the only reason to give oral vancomycin

Answer 20

sever C diff

Question 21

what is listeria monocytogenes, who gets it and from where

Answer 21

Ive rod, normally in immunosupressed and pregnant ladies, unpasteurised milk and deli counters

Question 22

what are the symptoms of listeria monocytogenes

Answer 22

fever, muscle aches, diarrhoea

Question 23

what viruses can cause gastroenteritis

Answer 23

rotavirus, norovirus

Question 24

describe the rotavirus

Answer 24

common in kids, low infectious dose, non bloody diarrhoea

Question 25

describe the norovirus

Answer 25

faecal-oral transmission, explosive D&V, cruise trips

Question 26

what is main treatment o viruses

Answer 26

rehydration

Question 27

should you normally give antibiotics in food poisoning

Answer 27

no - unless complications or not going away

Question 28

how does cholera kill people

Answer 28

severe watery diarrhoea = dehydration

Question 29

what bacteria would you use serology to identify

Answer 29

E.coli, salmonella, escherichia

Question 30

what would you do to identify typhoid

Answer 30

blood

Question 31

what bacteria would you use stool cultures to identify

Answer 31

campylobacter, shiegella

Question 32

what bacteria would you use stool microscopy to identify

Answer 32

giardia, parasites and amoebas

Question 33

what bacteria would you use stool toxins to identify

Answer 33

C diff

Question 34

what virus would you use stool PCR to identify

Answer 34

norovirus

Question 35

what is dysentery

Answer 35

inflammation of the intestine, particularly colon causing bloody/ mucousy diarrhoea

Question 36

what bacteria normally cause bloody diarrhoea and dysentery

Answer 36

shiegella, campylobacter