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biochem Flashcards

1
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

glucose –> glycogen

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2
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

glycogen –> glucose

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3
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

precursors–> glucose

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4
Q

where is glucose broken down to maintain blood glucose levels

A

liver

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5
Q

where is glucose broken down for immediate energy

A

muscle

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6
Q

in glycogen, what bonds join glucose together

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic links

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7
Q

in glycogen, what bond are branches joined in by

A

alpha 1,6 glycosidic links

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8
Q

what adds branches to glycogen and after how many molecules are they added

A

transglycosylase, every 10

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9
Q

what is attached to the primer on glycogen

A

protein glycogenin

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10
Q

can glucose start a new glycogen chain

A

no, must be pre exsisting

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11
Q

what enzyme adds glucose to glycogen

A

glycogen synthase

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12
Q

what is the first step of glycogenesis, (what is converted, what is needed if anything, by what enzyme)

A

glucose –> glucose 6 phosphate, by hexinase, ATP –> ADP

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13
Q

what is the second step of glycogenesis, (what is converted, what is needed if anything, by what enzyme)

A

glucose 6 phosphate –> glucose 1 phosphate

phosphoglucomutase

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14
Q

what is the third step of glycogenesis, (what is converted, what is needed if anything, by what enzyme)

A

glucose 1 phosphate –> UDP glucose

UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase

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15
Q

what is the final step of glycogenesis, (what is converted, what is needed if anything, by what enzyme)

A

UDP glucose –> glucose ready for glycogen
glycogen synthase
ATP–> ADP and UTP –> UDP

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16
Q

what is the RLS of glycogenesis

A

UDP glucose –> glucose

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17
Q

what are the general steps of glycogenolysis

A

glycogen –> glucose 1 phosphate –> glucose 6 phosphate – > glucose or for glycolysis

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18
Q

what is the rate limiting step of glycogenolysis and what enzyme is used

A

glycogen–> glucose 1 phosphate, by glycogen phosphorylase

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19
Q

what converts glucose 1 phosphate –> glucose 6 phosphate

A

phosphoglucomutase

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20
Q

where can glucose 6 phosphate by dephosphorlayted to glucose

A

liver

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21
Q

where can glucose 6 phosphate not be dephosphorylated and what happens to it

A

skeletal, use via glycolysis

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22
Q

in gluconeogenesis, what are the main 3 precursors of glucose

A

lactate, amino acids, glycerol

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23
Q

what does gluconeogenesis need to proceed

A

oxaloacetate from TCA cycle

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24
Q

when and where does gluconeogenesis occur

A

over periods of starvation, in liver

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25
what happens in the cori cycle
blood transfers blood to liver where it can be converted to glucose
26
what effect does insulin have on glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase
activates glycogen synthase and inhibits glycogen phosphorylase
27
what effect does glucagon have on glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase
inhibits glycogen synthase and activates glycogen phosphorylase
28
what happens to amino acids not used for building proteins
broken down in liver by proteolytic enzymes, the products are absorbed into intestinal cells and released to blood
29
what toxic group do amino acids have
amino - NH4+
30
how is NH4+ excreted
urea (80%), uric acid, creatinine, ammonium ion
31
how is urea synthesised
transamination--> deamination--> urea cycle
32
what happens in transamination
aminotransferase moves amino group from amino acid to keto acids. These produce glutamine and alanine
33
what do glutamine and alanine do
carry nitrogen in blood to liver
34
what happens in deamination
in liver, amino acids are separated from NH4+, it then enters urea cycle
35
what is left of amino acid after amino group is removed
long carbon skeleton
36
what can ketogenic amino acids give rise too
ketone bodies or fatty acids
37
what can glucogenic amino acids be converted into
glucose
38
what does excess carbohydrates lead too
fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis
39
what is the RLS in fatty acid production and what is the enzyme needed
acetyl CoA --> malonyl CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase
40
how are acetyl groups transported into the cytoplasm
citrate
41
what is needed to catalyse fatty acids
malonyl CoA, acetyl CoA, NADPH
42
what enzyme synthesises fatty acids
fatty acid synthase
43
what is the longest chain fatty acid synthase can synthesise
16, palmitic acid
44
what are the 4 steps of fatty acid synthesis
condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction and release
45
what is required for the synthesis of triglycerides and where is it produced
G3P, glycerol --> G3P in liver
46
what is the main energy store in adipose
triglycerides
47
how are triglycerides produced
glycerol + 3 fatty acids, esterification
48
what are saturated fatty acids, what food has them, what is their boiling point like
no double bonds, animal fat, high
49
what are unsaturated fatty acids, what food has them, what is their boiling point like
1 double bond, plants, low boiling point
50
what are some fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
51
what are essential fatty acids
ones the body can't make
52
what are the 3 main products of fat digestion and where are they absorbed
glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, intestine
53
how is absorbed fat converted to lipid
coated with protein, phospholipid, cholesterol and chylomicrons to be transported in lymph
54
where is fat stored
adipose tissue
55
what enzyme cleaves it into what for energy
lipase, to fatty acids and glycerol
56
how are fatty acids oxidised to make the activated
add CoA --> acyl CoA, in cytoplasm, requires 2 ATP
57
what transports acyl CoA in and out of mitochondria
carnitine shuttle
58
what happens in the cytoplasm side with the carnitine shuttle
CoA dissociated from acyl CoA to leave acyl carnitine
59
what happens in the matrix side with the carnitine shuttle
CoA rejoins with acyl carnitine to leave CoA acyl and carnitine
60
what transports acyl carnitine and carnitine across the membrane
translocase
61
where does beta oxidation take place
mitochondrial matrix
62
what does beta oxidation yield
1 of: acetyl CoA, 1 FADH2, 1 NADH + H, 1 fatty acyl CoA
63
what breaks down glycerol and what is it converted to
glycerol kinase to G3P
64
where are ketone bodies formed
liver mitochondria, from acetyl CoA during B oxidasation

My1 GI (26 decks)

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