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My1 GI > biochem > Flashcards

biochem Flashcards

1
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

glucose –> glycogen

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2
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

glycogen –> glucose

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3
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

precursors–> glucose

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4
Q

where is glucose broken down to maintain blood glucose levels

A

liver

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5
Q

where is glucose broken down for immediate energy

A

muscle

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6
Q

in glycogen, what bonds join glucose together

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic links

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7
Q

in glycogen, what bond are branches joined in by

A

alpha 1,6 glycosidic links

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8
Q

what adds branches to glycogen and after how many molecules are they added

A

transglycosylase, every 10

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9
Q

what is attached to the primer on glycogen

A

protein glycogenin

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10
Q

can glucose start a new glycogen chain

A

no, must be pre exsisting

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11
Q

what enzyme adds glucose to glycogen

A

glycogen synthase

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12
Q

what is the first step of glycogenesis, (what is converted, what is needed if anything, by what enzyme)

A

glucose –> glucose 6 phosphate, by hexinase, ATP –> ADP

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13
Q

what is the second step of glycogenesis, (what is converted, what is needed if anything, by what enzyme)

A

glucose 6 phosphate –> glucose 1 phosphate

phosphoglucomutase

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14
Q

what is the third step of glycogenesis, (what is converted, what is needed if anything, by what enzyme)

A

glucose 1 phosphate –> UDP glucose

UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase

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15
Q

what is the final step of glycogenesis, (what is converted, what is needed if anything, by what enzyme)

A

UDP glucose –> glucose ready for glycogen
glycogen synthase
ATP–> ADP and UTP –> UDP

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16
Q

what is the RLS of glycogenesis

A

UDP glucose –> glucose

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17
Q

what are the general steps of glycogenolysis

A

glycogen –> glucose 1 phosphate –> glucose 6 phosphate – > glucose or for glycolysis

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18
Q

what is the rate limiting step of glycogenolysis and what enzyme is used

A

glycogen–> glucose 1 phosphate, by glycogen phosphorylase

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19
Q

what converts glucose 1 phosphate –> glucose 6 phosphate

A

phosphoglucomutase

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20
Q

where can glucose 6 phosphate by dephosphorlayted to glucose

A

liver

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21
Q

where can glucose 6 phosphate not be dephosphorylated and what happens to it

A

skeletal, use via glycolysis

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22
Q

in gluconeogenesis, what are the main 3 precursors of glucose

A

lactate, amino acids, glycerol

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23
Q

what does gluconeogenesis need to proceed

A

oxaloacetate from TCA cycle

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24
Q

when and where does gluconeogenesis occur

A

over periods of starvation, in liver

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25
Q

what happens in the cori cycle

A

blood transfers blood to liver where it can be converted to glucose

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26
Q

what effect does insulin have on glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

A

activates glycogen synthase and inhibits glycogen phosphorylase

27
Q

what effect does glucagon have on glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

A

inhibits glycogen synthase and activates glycogen phosphorylase

28
Q

what happens to amino acids not used for building proteins

A

broken down in liver by proteolytic enzymes, the products are absorbed into intestinal cells and released to blood

29
Q

what toxic group do amino acids have

A

amino - NH4+

30
Q

how is NH4+ excreted

A

urea (80%), uric acid, creatinine, ammonium ion

31
Q

how is urea synthesised

A

transamination–> deamination–> urea cycle

32
Q

what happens in transamination

A

aminotransferase moves amino group from amino acid to keto acids. These produce glutamine and alanine

33
Q

what do glutamine and alanine do

A

carry nitrogen in blood to liver

34
Q

what happens in deamination

A

in liver, amino acids are separated from NH4+, it then enters urea cycle

35
Q

what is left of amino acid after amino group is removed

A

long carbon skeleton

36
Q

what can ketogenic amino acids give rise too

A

ketone bodies or fatty acids

37
Q

what can glucogenic amino acids be converted into

A

glucose

38
Q

what does excess carbohydrates lead too

A

fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis

39
Q

what is the RLS in fatty acid production and what is the enzyme needed

A

acetyl CoA –> malonyl CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase

40
Q

how are acetyl groups transported into the cytoplasm

A

citrate

41
Q

what is needed to catalyse fatty acids

A

malonyl CoA, acetyl CoA, NADPH

42
Q

what enzyme synthesises fatty acids

A

fatty acid synthase

43
Q

what is the longest chain fatty acid synthase can synthesise

A

16, palmitic acid

44
Q

what are the 4 steps of fatty acid synthesis

A

condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction and release

45
Q

what is required for the synthesis of triglycerides and where is it produced

A

G3P, glycerol –> G3P in liver

46
Q

what is the main energy store in adipose

A

triglycerides

47
Q

how are triglycerides produced

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids, esterification

48
Q

what are saturated fatty acids, what food has them, what is their boiling point like

A

no double bonds, animal fat, high

49
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids, what food has them, what is their boiling point like

A

1 double bond, plants, low boiling point

50
Q

what are some fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

51
Q

what are essential fatty acids

A

ones the body can’t make

52
Q

what are the 3 main products of fat digestion and where are they absorbed

A

glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, intestine

53
Q

how is absorbed fat converted to lipid

A

coated with protein, phospholipid, cholesterol and chylomicrons to be transported in lymph

54
Q

where is fat stored

A

adipose tissue

55
Q

what enzyme cleaves it into what for energy

A

lipase, to fatty acids and glycerol

56
Q

how are fatty acids oxidised to make the activated

A

add CoA –> acyl CoA, in cytoplasm, requires 2 ATP

57
Q

what transports acyl CoA in and out of mitochondria

A

carnitine shuttle

58
Q

what happens in the cytoplasm side with the carnitine shuttle

A

CoA dissociated from acyl CoA to leave acyl carnitine

59
Q

what happens in the matrix side with the carnitine shuttle

A

CoA rejoins with acyl carnitine to leave CoA acyl and carnitine

60
Q

what transports acyl carnitine and carnitine across the membrane

A

translocase

61
Q

where does beta oxidation take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

62
Q

what does beta oxidation yield

A

1 of: acetyl CoA, 1 FADH2, 1 NADH + H, 1 fatty acyl CoA

63
Q

what breaks down glycerol and what is it converted to

A

glycerol kinase to G3P

64
Q

where are ketone bodies formed

A

liver mitochondria, from acetyl CoA during B oxidasation

My1 GI (26 decks)

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