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Comps Sciences > Pathology Final ALL CARDS > Flashcards

Pathology Final ALL CARDS Flashcards

1
Q

Study of disease

A

Pathology

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2
Q

any abnormal condition which impairs the normal functioning of the body. Local disease and genetic diseases can occur.

A

Disease

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3
Q

was the leading cause of death in the early 1900’s

A

TB

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4
Q

the leading cause of death TODAY

A

CVD- Cardiovascular Disease

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5
Q

Another name for CAUSE

A

Etiology

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6
Q

The cause of disease is divided into what 2 categories?

A

Immediate (exciting) &Predisposing

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7
Q

The beginning of disease. The manner in which a particular disease develops.

A

Pathogenesis

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8
Q

3 parts of disease that we study

A
  1. Cause (Etiology) 2. Pathogenesis 3. Changes and final effects brought about in the body.
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9
Q

Study of general disease processes, such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis (localized area of dead tissue in a living body), repair (i.e.: scar tissue), etc.

A

General Pathology

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10
Q

The body’s total response to any injury

A

inflammation

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11
Q

Study of disease in relation to a particular organ or the organs system. Ie., disease of the digestive track.

A

Special Pathology

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12
Q

5 Divisions of Pathology

A
  1. Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy) 2. Surgical Pathology3. Clinical Pathology 4. Medico - Legal Pathology (forensic pathology) 5. Physiological Pathology
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13
Q

The study of the structure of the human body as affected by disease.

A

Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy)

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14
Q

localized area of dead tissue in a living body

A

necrosis

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15
Q

Study of disease by means of biopsies.

A

Surgical Pathology

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16
Q

The study of disease by means of:body secretions (useful substances produced within the body), body excretions (waste substances rid from the body), & other body fluids.

A

Clinical Pathology

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17
Q

Legal Pathology (forensic pathology) the study of disease, death, and injuries with medical/legal potential.

A

Medico

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18
Q

2 methods to study Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy)

A

1.) Gross Inspection 2.) Histopathology

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19
Q

See changes of the structure of the body with the unaided eye.

A

Gross inspection

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20
Q

A study of the structure of the cell as affected by disease, by means of microscope. Disease at cellular levels.

A

Histopathology

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21
Q

The study of the functions of the body as affected by disease.

A

Physiological Pathology

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22
Q

A study of disease by samples of tissue removed surgically from a living person.

A

Biopsy

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23
Q

useful substances produced within the body

A

body secretions

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24
Q

waste products that are rid from the body

A

body excretions

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25
Q

The study of deaths and injuries of medical and legal significance

A

Medico-Legal Pathology

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26
Q

The study of the function of the human body as affected by disease.

A

Physiological Pathology

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27
Q

Medico-Legal Pathology is also known as…

A

Forensic Pathology

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28
Q

Importance of autopsy

A
  1. Confirm medical diagnosis2. Amplify or reject the clinical diagnosis3. Advancement of medical knowledge 4. Medico-legal cases5. Medical statistics
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29
Q

Autopsy is also known as…

A

necropsy or postmortem exam

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30
Q

Differences between Coroner vs. Medical Examiner

A
  1. Determination of jurisdiction (county where death occurred)2. Qualifications 3. Inquest
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31
Q

a formal legal proceeding into the events and circumstances surrounding a particular death.

A

Inquest

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32
Q

Coroner is a carry over from the…..

A

English common law system

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33
Q

Inquest are needed in cases of….

A

unknown deaths ordeaths caused by violence

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34
Q

Elected county officer who investigates and holds inquests over unknown deaths or deaths caused by violence.

A

J.P./Coroner

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35
Q

Appointed…must have gone to school (MD) works with the police officers; works under coroner.

A

Medical examiner

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36
Q

Texas does NOT use the term__________________, but has _______________ in those counties not large enough to have a ME’s office.

A

Coroner Justice of the Peace (J.P.)

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37
Q

Difference with ordinary clinical autopsy (relation to clinical findings and diagnosis) vs. forensic autopsy. Forensic Autopsy will provide…

A

A. Absolute identification of the body.B. A description of the body and scene.C. A description of the clothingD. An unrestricted autopsy (prevention of future legal actions) a complete autopsy.

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38
Q

Types of Unrestricted autopsy

A

Biochemical Microbiological scans Radiological scans

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39
Q

toxicological

A

Biochemical

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40
Q

Primary need of a forensic autopsy is to determine…

A

cause of death

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41
Q

A minimum of ___________ must be listed on a death certificate.

A

One cause of death

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42
Q

Three types or parts of death

A

ImmediateBasicContributory

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43
Q

the thing responsible for death at the time of the terminal event (peritonitis)

A

Immediate cause of death

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44
Q

the thing prior to and leading up to the terminal event (stab wounds)

A

basic cause of death

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45
Q

the thing involved in but not causing the terminal event (leukemia) persons with leukemia have less blood clotting ability.

A

contributory cause of death

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46
Q

GOK means

A

God only knows

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47
Q

Failure to thrive means

A

infant not sucking on breast

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48
Q

DIS

A

dead in the saddle

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49
Q

the circumstances surrounding a particular death

A

manner of death

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50
Q

Types of Mannerrs of death

A
  1. Natural 2. Homicide3. Suicide4. Accident5. Unexplained (SIDS)6. Undetermined (decomposed)
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51
Q

An explanation of the sequence of events leading up to the death.

A

mechanism of death

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52
Q

recover and preserve this_____________

A

Evidence

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53
Q

any abnormal condition which impairs the normal functioning of the body. It can affect the entire body or only one part of the body.

A

Definition of disease

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54
Q

presence of microorganisms in or on the body.

A

Microbiological scans

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55
Q

x-rays

A

Radiological scans

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56
Q

The doctrine of cellular pathology was written by who? He is considered the father of pathology.

A

Virchow

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57
Q

What does the doctrine of cellular pathology state?

A

“Just like the cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The cell is also the structural and functional unit of disease.”

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58
Q

any disease of impaired function without change in structure. i.e. mental illness, color blindness.

A

Functional disease

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59
Q

any disease in which definite structural changes accompany it.

A

Organic disease

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60
Q

Any structural or functional change due to disease.

A

Lesion

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61
Q

The identification of a specific disease.

A

Diagnosis

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62
Q

Any disease in which the fever accompanying it is either excessively high and or lasts a prolonged period of time. Ex: Rickettsia infections- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - 107 15 - 20 days (2-3 weeks).

A

Febrile disease

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63
Q

Disease state which occur at the same time or concurrently with another disease. Often times they are infectious in nature.

A

Complications

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64
Q

Alcohol, steroids, poisoning, the exposure of the body to poisonous substances.

A

Intoxications

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65
Q

Disease states which occur on second or subsequent exposure to the same allergen.

A

Allergies

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66
Q

A forecast of the outcome of a particular disease.

A

Prognosis

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67
Q

Subjective manifestation of a disease. They accompany the disease but are not measurable. Pain, headache.

A

Symptoms

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68
Q

Objective manifestation of a disease. These are measurable. Vital signs, blood pressure, breathing.

A

Signs

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69
Q

Any disease caused by a microorganism.

A

Infectious disease

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70
Q

Any disease that occurs every now and then.

A

Sporadic disease

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71
Q

Any disease that turns into a worldwide epidemic, flu.

A

Pandemic disease

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72
Q

A disease that attacks a large number of people in a short period of time, i.e. chicken pox.

A

Epidemic

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73
Q

Any disease that is continuously present i.e. common cold.

A

Endemic disease

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74
Q

A set of both signs and symptoms accompanying a disease, i.e. Down’s syndrome (mongolism) SIDS.

A

Syndrome

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75
Q

A sudden increase in the severity of a disease. “The patient has made a turn for the worse.” Conditions of patients are rated; good, fair, critical, grave condition. If a patient goes from fair to critical condition

A

Exacerbation

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76
Q

Temporary absence of a particular disease. ie: Cancer

A

Remission (abatement)

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77
Q

Any disease transmitted genetically - through the genes, i.e. hemophilia, dwarfism.

A

Hereditary disease

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78
Q

Any disease caused by dietary or metabolic deficiency, i.e. diabetes mellitus scurvy (lack of vitamin C) Goiter (lack of iodine).

A

Deficiency disease

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79
Q

Any disease with slow on set and long duration. ex: Carcinoma (cancer). Gout

A

Chronic

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80
Q

Any disease present at birth. Does not have to be life threatening, i.e. cleft palate, polydactylism (more digits on hand or feet than normal).

A

Congenital disease

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81
Q

Any disease obtained after birth.

A

Acquired disease

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82
Q

Any disease that reappears now and then, fever blisters, cold sores.

A

Recurrent disease

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83
Q

Any disease of unknown origin or cause. Essential hypertension.

A

Idiopathic disease

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84
Q

Any disease in which a person’s occupation or profession makes them more susceptible to develop a particular disease. Hepatitis B, scrotal cancer, (chimney sweeps) anthrocosis (black lung disease) silicosis (sandblasting).

A

Occupational disease

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85
Q

Any disease of sudden onset and short duration. ex: MI

A

Acute

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86
Q

the study of the causes of disease

A

Etiology

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87
Q

The divisions of the causes of disease

A

predisposing conditions exciting (immediate causes)

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88
Q

conditions that make a person more susceptible or inclined to develop a particular disease.ex: Age (MS/Meningitis-children’s disease) (Alzheimer’s disease-elderly) (Sarcoma vs. Carcinoma-most 40-65) Sex (Prostate cancer-male) (Uterine & Ovarian cancer-female) (Gallbladder attack-mostly in women) Nutrition (Kwashiokor - protein deficiency) Race (Sickle cell anemia-Blacks) (TB-less in Eskimos) Occupation (Hepatitis B-Embalmers) (Scrotal cancer- chimney sweeps)

A

Predisposing conditions

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89
Q

Any cause of disease that has established a cause/effect relationship

A

Exciting (immediate) causes

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90
Q

coal miners disease…black lung diseaseIt is a type of occupational disease

A

Anthrocosis

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91
Q

Hepatitis B is what type of disease?

A

Occupational

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92
Q

Scrotal cancer is commonly a Recurrent Disease…TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE…it is commonly an occupational disease

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93
Q

any condition or disease induced/caused by treatment of a physician or medical personnel ex: leaving a pair of forceps in the body after surgery

A

Iatrogenic

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94
Q

number of cases reported of a specific illness or disease in a given population.

A

Morbidity Rate

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95
Q

MMWR stands for…..It is one of the most common reports that the morbidity rate of illnesses or diseases are posted in.

A

mortality and morbidity weekly report

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96
Q

Number of deaths reported in a given population for a specific period of time.

A

Mortality Rate (Death Rate)

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97
Q

Carcinoma is an example of what type of disease?

A

Chronic

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98
Q

diabetes mellitus(lack of insulin) & scurvy (lack of vitamin C) is an example of what type of disease?

A

deficiency disease

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99
Q

A common cold is a ______________ disease.

A

endemic

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100
Q

dwarfism is what type of disease?

A

hereditary

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101
Q

essential hypertension is what type of disease?

A

idiopathic

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102
Q

polydactylism (more digits on hand or feet than normal) is a ______________ disease.

A

congenital

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103
Q

A hereditary disease that is also known as the bleeder’s disease. It is mostly present in male offspring; is the absence of an essential clotting factor- Factor 8)

A

hemophilia

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104
Q

The flu can be which two types of diseases?

A

Endemic & epidemic

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105
Q

Allergies are also known as…

A

Hypersensitivities

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106
Q

A death resulting from immediate severe allergic reaction.

A

Anaphylaxis

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107
Q

Anaphylaxis is also known as…

A

anaphylactic shock

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108
Q

also known as frequency. Number of incidents…how frequently an incident occurs.

A

Prevalence- Most commonly used as “how prevalent”

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109
Q

Factors in predisposing conditions

A

Age Sex Nutrition Race Occupation

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110
Q

any type of wound or injury

A

trauma

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111
Q

disease due to dietary or metabolism in the systemex: albinisim

A

deficiencies

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112
Q

not seen on first exposure. Seen on second or third exposure

A

allergens

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113
Q

other factors of predisposing conditions

A

fatigue, general living conditions, plague, alcoholism, heredity, emotion, etc.

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114
Q

mongolism (down’s syndrome), hemophilia, diabetes, dwarfism are examples of…

A

heredity

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115
Q

foreign protein that triggers production of an incomplete antibody

A

allergen

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116
Q

extremes of temperature-cold or heat. Radiation is also an example of this…

A

physical agents

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117
Q

parasites, microorganisms are examples of…

A

infectious agents

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118
Q

chemicals that are either immediately or eventually toxic or poisonous to the body.chemical reactions-has a cause and effect. Chemicals which induce a change in the human body.

A

chemical agents

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119
Q

types of death with medico-legal potential

A
  1. injury or death by violence2. sudden and/or unexpected death3. environmental deaths4. health, welfare, & safety5. medical litigation
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120
Q

albinism is an example of what disease?

A

deficiencies disease

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121
Q

complete absence of production of melanin

A

albinism

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122
Q

types of cellular reactions (manners by which a body would respond to injury)

A

regressive tissue changesprogressive tissue changes

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123
Q

an increase in size is what type of cellular reaction?

A

progressive tissue changes

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124
Q

a decrease in size is what type of cellular reaction?

A

regressive tissue changes

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125
Q

Types of regressive tissue changes

A

degeneration infiltrationnecrosisatrophy

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126
Q

type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance INTRACELLULARLY (within) the protoplasm of cells.

A

degeneration

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127
Q

degeneration is….

A

intracellular

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128
Q

we diffrentiate types of degeneration according to the type of _________ that is _______

A

substanceaccumulated

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129
Q

most common type of degeneration.similar to edema. this fluid is between cells. Intracellular, cloudy swelling, There is a temporary accumulation or buildup of fluid within the protoplasm of cells.

A

cellular (cloudy) swelling

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130
Q

fatty change-fatty metamorphosis-abnormal accumulation of fat within the protoplasm of normal cells.

A

fatty degeneration

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131
Q

fat in liver cells affects the _______. This would be called __________

A

liverliver dysfunction (fatty liver degeneration)

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132
Q

intracellular accumulation or buildup of amyloid within the normal protoplasm of cells.Commonly seen in TB - Typically, in adults, it begins in the lungs. Osteomyelitis - inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.

A

Amyloid disease

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133
Q

a waxy starch like substance

A

amyloid

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134
Q

These two disease are commonly seen in relation to amyloid disease…

A

TBOsteomyelitis

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135
Q

type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance intercellularly (between the cells)

A

Infiltration

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136
Q

means within the cells

A

intracellular

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137
Q

means between the cells

A

intercellular

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138
Q

inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.

A

Osteomyelitis

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139
Q

accumulation or buildup of a pigmented or colored substance

A

pigmentation

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140
Q

types of infiltration

A

pigmentationcalcification gout

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141
Q

accumulation of a pigmented or colored substance which originated outside the body

A

exogenous pigmentation

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142
Q

tattoos, plumbism, (color change along gum line from high elements of lead) anthracosis (cole miner’s disease-black lung), bismuth poisoning (caused from high dosages over time of bismuth-pepto) are examples of…

A

exogenous pigmentation

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143
Q

a disease that causes a color change along the gum line…from high elements of lead is called

A

plumbism

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144
Q

cole miner’s disease also called black lung disease is…

A

anthracosis

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145
Q

abnormal accumulation of pigmented or colored substance that is naturally present or produced within the body

A

endogenous pigmentation

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146
Q

jaundice, freckles, moles, albinism, birthmarks

A

endogenous pigmentation

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147
Q

types of pigmentation

A

exogenousendogenous

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148
Q

increased localized amounts of melanin. Usually a lighter shade of brown.

A

freckles

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149
Q

benign pigmented tumors usually a darker shade of brown.

A

moles

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150
Q

complete absence of melanin production

A

albinism

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151
Q

these are usually shades of red (port wine color)type of benign tumor of blood vascular tissue.

A

birthmarks

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152
Q

accumulation or buildup of calcium salts between the cell fibers, as in sclerotic vessels.This is also the natural way the body heals bone fractures.

A

calcification

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153
Q

calcification is also known as…

A

calcareous infiltration

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154
Q

excess uric acid, especially seen in big toe

A

gout

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155
Q

process by which you have a localized area of necrotic or dead tissue present during life

A

necrosis

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156
Q

causes of necrosis..

A
  1. insufficient blood supply2. physical agent-temperature extremes, radiation3. chemical gents4. loss of nerve supply
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157
Q

type of dead tissue which is cheese-like in appearance. Has a unique odor. As seen in TB

A

caseous necrosis

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158
Q

difference between infarction and necrosis…

A

need to look up

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159
Q

types of necrosis

A

caseousgangreneDecubitus ulcer

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160
Q

most famous type of necrosis.

A

gangrene

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161
Q

types of gangrene

A

moistdry gas

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162
Q

true gangrene, since saprophytes are present and invade the tissue. There is a foul odor present since saprophytes are present. This is the worst possible type of gangrene

A

moist

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163
Q

It fits this four word definition…ischemic necrosis (localized area of dead tissue that has been caused by the reduction in arterial blood supply ) plus putrefaction. This is why it is considered true.

A

moist gangrene

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164
Q

Which gangrene is commonly called TRUE GANGRENE?

A

moist gangrene

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165
Q

localized area of dead tissue present in a living body

A

necrosis

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166
Q

reduction in arterial blood supply

A

ischemic

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167
Q

the decomposition of proteins in an anaerobic environment (absence of oxygen)

A

putrefaction

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168
Q

4 word definition for true gangrene?

A

ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction

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169
Q

organisms that obtain their food from dead matter

A

saprophytes

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170
Q

false gangrene; no saprophytes present; no order; nice line of demarcation.

A

dry gangrene

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171
Q

since saprophytes have not invaded dry gangrene it spreads_________

A

slowly

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172
Q

only type that is infectious, caused by clostridium perfringens during life; microorganisms cause tissue gas in death

A

gas gangrene

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173
Q

a bacteria which can cause spores

A

perfringens

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174
Q

which type of gangrene is the ONLY type that is infectious

A

gas gangrene

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175
Q

gas gangrene is caused by which of the following type of microorganisms

A

bacteria (perfringens)

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176
Q

bedsores caused by pressure points which restrict blood flow.

A

decubitus ulcer

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177
Q

dead epithelial tissue

A

ulcer

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178
Q

absence or lack of growthA decrease in size of a body part or organ that previously was of normal size.

A

atrophy

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179
Q

decrease in size of a body part or organ due to decreased functional demand

A

physiological atrophy

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180
Q

types of atrophy

A

physiologicalpathological

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181
Q

types of gangrene

A

moistdry gas

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182
Q

types of degeneration

A

cellularfatty degeneration amyloid disease

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183
Q

forms of physiological atrophy

A

thymus glandsenile atrophybreasts after lactation

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184
Q

located at the base of the neck. Largest and most active during infancy.

A

Thymus gland

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185
Q

the progressive shrinkage of all organs as part of the natural aging process.

A

Senile atrophy

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186
Q

decrease in size due to disease

A

pathological atrophy

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187
Q

examples of pathological atrophyCHECK ACCURACY OF THIS CARD

A

anorexia nervosa cancerdisease of a body part (muscle) which will decrease in size.

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188
Q

body’s total response to any injury.

A

INFLAMMATION

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189
Q

Function of inflammation

A

protection of the body

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190
Q

If possible, inflammation will…

A

a. Destroy the causative agent.b. Limit the area affected.c. Begin the process of repair - the process to replace destroyed cells with new ones (scar tissue), but not the same as the destroyed cells.

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191
Q

Causes of inflammation

A
  1. Physical irritants2. Chemical irritants3. Infectious agents4. Immunological reaction
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192
Q

extremes of temperature - hot or cold.Radiation which is cumulative.

A

Physical irritants

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193
Q

an exposure to chemical.

A

Chemical irritants

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194
Q

any type of microscopic pathogens.

A

Infectious agents

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195
Q

allergic reaction to a immunological shot (autoimmune disease).

A

Immunological reaction

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196
Q

Process of inflammation

A
  1. Hyperemia (congestion) vascular2. Exudation
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197
Q

The shipment of access blood to the injured body part or organ.

A

Hyperemia (congestion) vascular

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198
Q

the oozing of fluids at the level of the capillaries.

A

Exudation

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199
Q

the liquid that is oozed in inflammation

A

Exudate

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200
Q

Types of exudates….

A
  1. Purulent (suppurative)2. Hemorrhagic3. Serous
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201
Q

exudates which contain pus

A

purulent (suppurative)

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202
Q

dead and living white blood cells and dead and living bacteria

A

pus

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203
Q

exudate which contains blood

A

hemorrhagic

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204
Q

exudate which does not contain pus, it is clear

A

serous

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205
Q

cardinal signs and/or symptoms with inflammation should be __________________

A

temporary

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206
Q

cardinal signs and/or symptoms of inflammation

A

Heat Redness Swelling PainAltered function

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207
Q

concerning inflammation….CALOR (INCREASED TEMPERATURE)

A

HEAT

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208
Q

concerning inflammation…RUBOR

A

REDNESS

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209
Q

concerning inflammation…TUMOR (SHOULD BE TEMPORARY)

A

SWELLING

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210
Q

concerning inflammation…DOLOR

A

PAIN

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211
Q

concerning inflammation…FUNCTIO LAESA

A

ALTERED FUNCTION

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212
Q

Inflammatory lesions

A

abscessphlegmonvesiclefurunclecarbunclesfistulaulcerpustule

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213
Q

localized collection of pus.

A

Abscess

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214
Q

cellulitis, a diffuse or wide spread inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue. Appears as a red streak located and growing just under the surface of the skin.

A

Phlegmon

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215
Q

blister, a small or slight elevation on the surface of the skin filled with serous or non-purulent fluid (does not contain pus).

A

Vesicle

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216
Q

non-communicating boil, an abscess of a hair follicle or sweat gland.

A

Furuncle

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217
Q

several communicating boils where the drainage of the hair follicle or sweat gland are shared.

A

Carbuncles

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218
Q

abnormal passageway. Occurs mostly in the lower digestive tract. Can occur between parts of a body or from a body part to the outside.

A

Fistula

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219
Q

localized area of necrotic opithel - three common sites

A

Ulcer

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220
Q

3 common sites of ulcers

A
  1. Upper GI tract, stomach or duodenum2. Toes on diabetics3. Decubitus ulcer - bedsore
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221
Q

Slight elevation of the surface of the skin which contains pus. (Pimple, whitehead, or black head) usually an oil gland.

A

Pustule

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222
Q

outcomes of inflammation

A

resolutionregenerationrepair

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223
Q

types of regeneration

A

physiological pathological

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224
Q

a part of the outcome which signals the end of the exudation stage or inflammation stage.

A

Resolution

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225
Q

the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact cells making it up.

A

Regeneration

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226
Q

Regeneration due to increased functional demand.

A

Physiological

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227
Q

Regeneration due to disease

A

Pathological

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228
Q

connective tissue cells. The replacement of damaged or diseased cells with healthy new cells with connective tissue cells or by surgery -results in scar tissue.

A

Repair

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229
Q

itis means…

A

inflammation

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230
Q

cyst means…

A

bladder or sac

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231
Q

chole means….

A

bile

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232
Q

types of inflammation in the nervous system

A

encephalitismyelitismeningitispoliomyelitisneuritis

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233
Q

inflammation of the brain

A

Encephalitis

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234
Q

inflammation of the spinal cord.

A

Myelitis

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235
Q

inflammation of the 3 layer membrane of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Meningitis

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236
Q

inflammation of the gray matter portion of the spinal cord.

A

Poliomyelitis

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237
Q

inflammation of a neuron or nerve cell.

A

Neuritis

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238
Q

types of inflammation in the respiratory system

A

rhinitispharyngitissinusitislaryngitispleuritistracheitisbronchitispneumonitis

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239
Q

inflammation of the nasal mucosa

A

Rhinitis

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240
Q

(mucusmembrane of the lining of the nasal cavity)

A

nasal mucosa

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241
Q

inflammation of the pharynx a sore throat

A

pharyngitis

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242
Q

inflammation of one or more sets of the paranasal sinuses

A

sinusitis

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243
Q

near or along the nasal cavities

A

paranasal sinuses

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244
Q

inflammation of the larynx or voice box

A

laryngitis

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245
Q

inflammation of the pleura

A

pleuritis

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246
Q

pleuritis is also called…

A

pleurisy

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247
Q

a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs

A

pleura (pleural space or cavity)

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248
Q

inflammation of the trachea or windpipe

A

tracheitis

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249
Q

inflammation of one or both of the bronchi (two) or bronchus (one)

A

bronchitis

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250
Q

inflammation of or infection of lung tissue itself

A

pneumonitis

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251
Q

types of pneumonitis

A

lobar pneumonia (one portion of the lung)bronchial pneumoniaviral pneumonia

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252
Q

types of inflammation in the digestive system

A

stomatitisglossitisgingivitisesophagitisgastritisenteritisdiverticulitiscolitisproctitisperitonitispancreatitishepatitischolecystitischolangitisappendicitis

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253
Q

inflammation of the mouth

A

stomatitis

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254
Q

inflammation of the tongue

A

glossitis

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255
Q

inflammation of the gums

A

gingivitis

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256
Q

inflammation of the esophagus

A

esophagitis

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257
Q

muscular tube that conveys food from the throat to the stomach

A

esophagus

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258
Q

inflammation of the stomach

A

gastritis

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259
Q

inflammation of the small intestines

A

enteritis

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260
Q

inflammation of the diverticulum or intestinal hernia

A

diverticulitis

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261
Q

inflammation of the colon

A

colitis

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262
Q

longest division of the large intestines

A

colon

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263
Q

types of colitis

A

amebiculcerative (psychosomatic disorder)

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264
Q

inflammation of the rectum

A

proctitis

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265
Q

inflammation of the peritoneum

A

peritonitis

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266
Q

membrane which surrounds the abdominal viscera

A

peritoneum

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267
Q

inflammation of the pancreas

A

pancreatitis

268
Q

a heterocrine gland that breaks down food and releases insulin into blood to control sugar levels

A

pancreas

269
Q

inflammation of the liver

A

hepatitis

270
Q

inflammation of the sac containing bile or gallbladder

A

cholecystitis

271
Q

inflammation of one or more of the bile ducts

A

cholangitis

272
Q

inflammation of the vermiform appendix

A

appendicitis

273
Q

snakelike

A

vermiform

274
Q

Types of inflammation in the Genital & Urinary System

A

Pyelitis Pyelonephritis Glomerulonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Orchitis Prostatitis Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Endocervicitis Vaginitis

275
Q

inflammation of the renal pelvis.

A

Pyelitis

276
Q

inflammation of the structural and functional unit of the kidney caused by pyogenic bacteria.

A

Pyelonephritis

277
Q

inflammation of the Vagina or birth canal.

A

Vaginitis

278
Q

inflammation of the endocervic

A

Endocervicitis

279
Q

the inner most layer of the lower neck structure of the cervix.

A

endocervic

280
Q

pus forming

A

pyogenic

281
Q

inflammation of the little tufted capillaries of the structural and functional unit of the kidneys.

A

Glomerulonephritis

282
Q

little tufted capillaries of kidneys

A

(glomerulus)

283
Q

inflammation of the tube that urine between the kidney and urinary bladder conveys.

A

Ureteritis

284
Q

inflammation of the urinary bladder.

A

Cystitis

285
Q

inflammation of the endometrium, the inner most or vascular layer of the uterus

A

Endometritis

286
Q

inflammation of one or both of the fallopian tubes.

A

Salpingitis

287
Q

inflammation of the single tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body.

A

Urethritis

288
Q

inflammation of one or both of the male gonads (testis).

A

Orchitis

289
Q

inflammation of the prostate gland.

A

Prostatitis

290
Q

inflammation of one or both of the ovaries (female sex gland).

A

Oophoritis

291
Q

types of inflammation of the Cardiovascular System

A

pericarditismyocarditisendocarditisarteritisphlebitisthrombophlebitis

292
Q
  • inflammation of the vein caused by an attached blood clot during life.
A

Thrombophlebitis

293
Q
  • inflammation of the vein.
A

Phlebitis

294
Q
  • inflammation of the artery
A

Arteritis

295
Q

what can cause arteritis

A

angiograms

296
Q

inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

297
Q

the sack surrounding the heart.

A

pericardium

298
Q

inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart.

A

Myocarditis

299
Q
  • inflammation of the inner most layer of the heart. The heart valves are made from this tissue.
A

Endocarditis

300
Q

types of inflammation of the Skin and Skeletomuscular System

A

dermatitisbursitisosteomyelitisarthritis

301
Q

inflammation of the skin - contact delayed reaction.

A

Dermatitis

302
Q

inflammation of the bursa

A

Bursitis

303
Q
  • the tiny sac filled with a lubricant for the joints.
A

bursa

304
Q
  • inflammation of the sponge bone and marrow.
A

Osteomyelitis

305
Q
  • inflammation of the joints.
A

Arthritis

306
Q

types of inflammation of the Lymphatic System

A

tonsillitislymphangitis

307
Q
  • inflammation of the lymph vessel.
A

Lymphangitis

308
Q

-inflammation of the one or more of the three sets of tonsils. Tissue between the mouth and throat.

A

Tonsillitis

309
Q

A circulatory disturbanceA disease in which a person has excess amounts of tissue fluid present in the body

A

Edema (Dropsy)

310
Q

substance which bathes and surrounds the body cells.

A

Tissue fluids

311
Q

causes of edema

A

a. Increased permeability of the capillaries. The capillaries are allowing too much fluid in and not enough out. The cells are swelling.b. Increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure.c. Inflammatory conditions - due to injury.d. Fluid / electrolyte problems – post surgical problems

312
Q

Examples of edema

A

Anasarca AscitesHydrothorax Hydropericardium Hydrocele Hydro-cephalus

313
Q

Type of edemageneralized edema – edema scattered throughout the entire body

A

Anasarca

314
Q

Type of edema excess tissue fluid in the abdominal cavity or peritoneal cavity.

A

Ascites

315
Q

Type of edemaexcess tissue fluid in the thoracic or plural cavity.

A

Hydrothorax

316
Q

Type of edemaexcess tissue fluid in the sack that surrounds the heart.

A

Hydropericardium

317
Q

Type of edemaexcess fluid or edema of a sacculated cavity. Affects the scrotum in males

A

Hydrocele

318
Q

Type of edemaexcess fluid in the cranial cavity - water on the brain. Affects the nervous system. Most commonly reported more in children than adults.

A

Hydro-cephalus

319
Q

A circulatory disturbanceexcess blood in a body part or organ

A

Hyperemia (congestion)

320
Q

types of hyperemia

A

Physiological hyperemiaPathological hyperemia Active hyperemia Passive hyperemia

321
Q

types of hyperemiae.g., blushing - excess blood in a body part or organ due to increased functional demand.

A

Physiological hyperemia

322
Q

types of hyperemiae.g., cyanosis - excess blood in a body part or organ due to disease

A

Pathological hyperemia

323
Q

types of hyperemiaexcess blood in a body part or organ brought there by the arteries

A

Active hyperemia

324
Q

types of hyperemiaexcess blood in a body part or organ due to venous obstruction, an obstruction which is present in the veins. Passive hyperemia is always pathologic.

A

Passive hyperemia

325
Q

reddish blue discoloration seen in the tissues due to lack of oxygen

A

Cyanosis

326
Q

a circulatory disturbancea reduction in the arterial blood supply to a body part or organ

A

Ischemia

327
Q

the most common cause of ischemia is?

A

the presence of an attached blood clot present in an artery.

328
Q

if left untreated, what is the effect of ischemia?

A

death - infarction (death of tissue due to interference of blood supply).

329
Q

a circulatory disturbancethe process by which there is the presence of an attached blood clot during life.

A

Thrombosis

330
Q

single blood clot

A

Thrombus

331
Q

two or more blood clots

A

Thrombi

332
Q

causes of thrombosis (4)

A

a. Injuries to blood vessels.b. Slower or reduced rate of blood flow.c. Alterations in blood composition.d. Blood diseases - becoming thin from within such as leukemia.

333
Q

locations of thrombi

A

a. Veins b. Arteriesc. chambers of the heart

334
Q

the most common site for thrombi

A

veins

335
Q

thrombi in the lower extremities would cause

A

DVTdeep vein thrombosis

336
Q

the least common site for thrombi

A

chambers of the heart

337
Q

the chambers of the heart is the least common site for thrombi. Why?

A

they were shipped to the heart from another part of the body

338
Q

when a thrombi changes location it becomes?

A

mural

339
Q

a thrombi becoming mural (or changing location) is the greatest risk because?

A

the attached blood clot has become infected, and once it becomes infected, it will spread

340
Q

consequences of thrombi depend on what?

A

where it is located

341
Q

a consequence of thrombosisthrombosis present in the artery – causes reduction in arterial blood supply. Restricts blood flow

A

ischemia

342
Q

the most common consequence of thrombosis. Present in the vein.

A

Passive hyperemia

343
Q

a consequence of thrombosisdeath of the tissue caused by interference in blood supply - ischemic necrosis + putrefaction

A

gangrene

344
Q

a circulatory disturbancethe process by which there is a free floating object in the blood stream during life.

A

Embolism

345
Q

a single free floating object in the blood during life

A

embolus

346
Q

one or more objects in the blood during life

A

emboli

347
Q

types of embolism

A

a. Fragments of thrombi b. Bacteria c. Tumors d. Animal parasites e. Fat f. Gas g. Foreign bodies

348
Q

types of embolisma clot that detaches or breaks off. The most common type of an embolism.

A

Fragments of thrombi

349
Q

types of embolismpresent in the blood stream during life. Blood poisoning

A

Bacteria

350
Q

types of embolism swelling; an abnormal growth. Malignant or non-malignant. Begins as free floating in the blood stream. Spread by the blood or lymph system.

A

Tumors

351
Q

types of embolismfree floating in the blood stream.

A

Animal parasites

352
Q

types of embolismfat cells free floating in the blood stream.

A

Fat

353
Q

types of embolismair free floating in the blood stream.

A

gas

354
Q

types of embolismsmall pieces of glass or metal free floating in the blood stream.

A

Foreign bodies

355
Q

Consequences of embolism

A

a. Ischemia - reduction in arterial blood supply.b. Infarction - localized area of dead tissue caused by interference of blood supply.c. Spread of infection or neoplasm (new growth).d. Necrosis - dead tissue, i.e. heart.

356
Q

a circulatory disturbanceloss of blood from the vascular system. A human can lose no more than half (1/2) without irreversible damage or death.

A

hemorrhage

357
Q

Methods of hemorrhage

A

Rhexis or Diapedesis

358
Q

loss of blood by rupture of a blood vessel. Rupture of one of the chambers of the heart

A

rhexis

359
Q

loss of blood by squeezing through the pores of the capillaries

A

Diapedesis

360
Q

Causes of hemorrhage

A

a. Trauma - wound or injuryb. Vascular diseases of the blood vesselsc. Hypertension - high blood pressured. Blood diseases - plethora - excess amount of circulating blood

361
Q

Related terms (3)Size of the hemorrhage

A

Petechia Echymosis Hematoma

362
Q

pinpoint hemorrhages;, smallest of the hemorrhages in terms of size; commonly seen in cancer patients (think of petite)

A

Petechia

363
Q

medium sized hemorrhage (bruise or black and blue spot). Most famous sites- long term IV or a shiner (black eye)

A

Echymosis

364
Q

a tumor like mass of lost blood. Largest of the hemorrhages in terms of size(Pool of blood such as a gun shot wound).(hema-huge-largest)

A

Hematoma

365
Q

Location of the hemorrhage (10)

A

Epistaxis Hemoptysis Hematemesis Melena Hemothorax Hemoperitoneum Hematuria Exsanguination Hemopericardium Hemophilia

366
Q

Location of the hemorrhagenose bleed, blood coming from the nasal cavity

A

Epistaxis

367
Q

Location of the hemorrhageblood brought up in sputum from the respiratory tract. (Emphysema)

A

Hemoptysis

368
Q

Location of the hemorrhage vomiting of blood. Blood in the vomit from the digestive tract.

A

Hematemesis

369
Q

Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in feces (the stool.) Intestinal tract, the stool color changes from brown to black. (Colon cancer, diverticulitis)

A

Melena

370
Q

Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the thoracic cavity or plural cavity.

A

Hemothorax

371
Q

Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity or abdominal cavity.

A

Hemoperitoneum

372
Q

Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the urine or urinary tract, urinary tract infection.

A

Hematuria

373
Q

Location of the hemorrhagemassive loss of blood which usually results in death or irreversible damage. The body cannot loose more than 1/2 of the blood volume, without death or irreversible damage

A

Exsanguination

374
Q

Location of the hemorrhageexcess blood in the sack surrounding the heart.

A

Hemopericardium

375
Q

Location of the hemorrhagean affinity for blood. The bleeder’s disease. A heredity disease only found in males characterized by the absence or a deficiency of an essential clotting factor, factor 8.

A

Hemophilia

376
Q

Postmortem conditions in regards to circulatory disturbances

A
  1. Diminished circulation 2. Abscesses 3. Hemorrhages 4. Emaciation/ Dehydration 5. Rapid decomposition 6. Discoloration Intravascular and/or extravascular.
377
Q

diminished circulation postmortem is due to

A

the hardening of the arteries

378
Q

a postmortem circulatory disturbance localized collection of pus

A

abscess

379
Q

occurring postmortemmassive loss of blood can cause generalized circulatory shock.

A

hemorrhages

380
Q

the wasting away or loss of tissue

A

emaciation

381
Q

loss of moisture from the body.

A

dehydration

382
Q

postmortem hypostasis which causes livor mortis (reddish blue discoloration) which is an intravascular blood discoloration. Can be usually removed by embalming.

A
383
Q

blood discoloration after death outside the intravascular system. This is a cosmetic problem.

A

extravascular

384
Q

National board question: What is considered the most permanent blood discoloration?

A

Post mortem extravascular (post mortem stain)

385
Q

localized or generalized. Affects one part of the body or the entire body.

A

Circulatory Disturbance

386
Q

edema is also called…

A

Dropsy

387
Q

hyperemia is also called…

A

congestion

388
Q

process by which there is a localized area of dead tissue caused by the interference of blood supply

A

infarction

389
Q

a localized area of dead tissue caused by interference of blood supply. Those appear white when present in living tissue.

A

Infarct

390
Q

new growth

A

neoplasm

391
Q

bleeding…

A

hemorrhage

392
Q

an abnormal new growth

A

neoplasms (tumors)

393
Q

Enclosed sac-like pouches that have a definite wall.Usually containing a liquid, solid, or semi-solid material

A

Cysts

394
Q

Types of cysts

A

Duarian cystSebaccous cyst

395
Q

abnormal sac-like pouch present on the ovary.

A

Duarian cyst

396
Q

type of duarian cyst

A

dermoid

397
Q

duarian cyst also called…

A

ovarian cyst

398
Q

a rare ovarian (duarian) cyst that contains a waxy tissue and other structures not normally foundex: teeth or hair follicles

A

dermoid cyst

399
Q

an abnormal sac-like structure located on a oil gland

A

sebaccous

400
Q

oil glands are also called

A

sebaceous glands

401
Q

An increase in size of a body part or organ by an increase in size of the cells already present.Excessive growth

A

hypertrophy

402
Q

sebaccous cysts are also called…

A

wen

403
Q

an abnormal sac-like structure

A

tumor

404
Q

types of hypertrophy

A

physiologicalpathologicalcompensatory

405
Q

increase in size of a body part or organ due to increased functional demand

A

physiological hypertrophy

406
Q

Breast tissue due to lactation. The increase in size of the female uterus in preparation of pregnancy.

A

physiological hypertrophy

407
Q

an increase in size of a body part or organ due to disease

A

pathological hypertrophy

408
Q

Wilm’s tumor and brain tumor is an example of what?

A

pathological hypertrophy

409
Q

a rare tumor of the kidney in children

A

Wilm’s tumor

410
Q

increase in size of a body part or organ to compensate or make up for the loss of a similar or paired organ

A

compensatory hypertrophy

411
Q

increase in size of a body part or organ by an increase in the total number of cells making it up.

A

hyperplasia

412
Q

What type of change is hyperplasia?

A

Progressive tissue change

413
Q

oat cell carcinoma is an example of

A

metaplasia

414
Q

classifications of neoplasms

A

clinicalhistological

415
Q

state of disease

A

clinical

416
Q

types of states of disease (clinical)

A

benignmalignant

417
Q

A suffix of “oma” generally means that it is a _____________ tumorNOT ALWAYS

A

benign

418
Q

ALL malignant tumors left untreated will _______________

A

kill

419
Q

generally a suffix of sarcoma or carcinoma

A

malignant

420
Q

malignant tumor of epithelial tissue occurring in persons 45-60

A

carcinoma

421
Q

breast cancer or lung cancer are examples of what type of tumor

A

carcinoma

422
Q

bone cancer is an example of what type of tumor

A

sarcoma

423
Q

malignant tumor or connective tissue in persons under 30

A

sarcoma

424
Q

generally, a benign tumor will NOT…

A

kill you

425
Q

tissue of origin; what tissue it originated first.Shown by its prefix or the stem of the word

A

histological

426
Q

characteristics of benign neoplasms

A

a. Grow by expansion.b. Don’t metastasize - don’t spread.c. Don’t recur after surgery - removal or treatment.d. Don’t cause great tissue damage.e. Resemble original tissue of origin.

427
Q

characteristics of malignant neoplasms

A

a. Grow by the called infiltrationb. Metastasize (spread)c. Can reoccur after surgery.d. Cause extensive tissue damage.e. No resemblance to original tissue of origin.

428
Q

take over existing tissue

A

infiltration

429
Q

process by which a malignancy spreads itself to other parts of the body. Usually by means of the lymph or blood stream

A

metastisize

430
Q

Types of BENIGN neoplasms

A
  1. Epithelial tissue2. Muscle tissue3. Connective tissue4. Nervous tissue
431
Q

lining tissue…also the inner most tissue

A

epithelial tissue

432
Q

Types of BENIGN EPITHELIAL TISSUE…

A
  1. Adenoma2. Papilloma3. Nevus
433
Q

glandular- a benign tumor of glandular epithelial

A

adenoma

434
Q

a benign tumor of epithelial that appears as a pedestal “stalk-like” growth.

A

Papilloma

435
Q

papilloma is also known as…

A

polyp

436
Q

most frequently in the nasal cavity or intestinal track

A

papilloma

437
Q

a benign pigmented tumor. a shade of brown or black. localized and well defined

A

nevus

438
Q

nevus is also called…

A

mole

439
Q

Types of BENIGN MUSCLE TISSUE

A
  1. Rhabdomyoma2. Leiomyoma
440
Q

a benign tumor of tissue used for movement.

A

muscle tissue

441
Q

benign muscle tissue is also called…

A

myoma

442
Q

a benign tumor of skeletal muscle tissue

A

rhabdomyoma

443
Q

a benign tumor of sooth muscle tissue

A

leiomyoma

444
Q

Types of BENIGN CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A
  1. Osteoma2. Chondroma3. Lipoma4. Angioma5. Fibroma
445
Q

benign tumor of bone

A

osteoma

446
Q

benign tumor of cartilage.

A

chondroma

447
Q

cartilage is a form of…..

A

connective tissue

448
Q

a benign tumor of fatty connective tissue

A

lipoma

449
Q

a benign tumor of vascular tissue

A

angioma

450
Q

types of Angiomas

A
  1. Hemangioma2. Lymphangloma
451
Q

a benign tumor of blood vascular tissue

A

hemangioma

452
Q

example of hemangioma….usually a shade of red.

A

birthmarks

453
Q

a benign tumor of lymph vascular tissue….usually a shade of white or yellow.

A

lymphangloma

454
Q

a benign tumor of fibrous connective tissue

A

fibroma

455
Q

benign tumor that originates in the movement of neurons

A

nervous tissue

456
Q

benign nervous tissue is also called…

A

neuroma

457
Q

Types of MALIGNANT neoplasms

A
  1. Epithelial tissue2. Connective tissue3. Muscle tissue4. Nervous tissue
458
Q

indicate a malignant tumor that originates in any type of epithelial tissue

A

carcinoma

459
Q

types of carcinoma

A
  1. Melanoma2.Squamous cell3. Adenocarcinoma4. Transitional cell carcinoma5. Bascel cell carcinoma
460
Q

a malignant pigmented tumor.

A

melanoma

461
Q

(makes up skin tissue). A malignant tumor of squamous cell epithelia

A

squamous cell

462
Q

most common name given for squamous cell is …..

A

skin cancer

463
Q

Squamous cell is the most ________ reported form of _________________ in adults

A

frequentlymalignant tumors

464
Q

gland - a malignant tumor of glandular epithelia.

A

Adenocarcinoma

465
Q

most famous form of Adenocarcinoma…

A

breast cancer

466
Q

a malignant tumor of transitional cell epithelia

A

transitional cell carcinoma

467
Q

common form of transitional cell carcinoma

A

bladder cancer

468
Q

a malignant tumor of bascel cell epithelia tissue.

A

bascel cell carcinoma

469
Q

_______________ is the most lethal site of bascel cell carcinoma malignancy in ADULTS (MALE & FEMALE)

A

lung cancer

470
Q

______________is the most lethal site of bascel cell carcinoma malignancy in CHILDREN

A

Leukemia

471
Q

Type of MALIGNANT connective tissue

A

Sarcoma

472
Q

Types of Sarcoma

A
  1. Osteosarcoma2. Chondrosarcoma3. Liposarcoma4. Fibrosarcoma5. Angiosarcoma6. Lymphoma
473
Q

malignant tumor of bone

A

osteosarcoma

474
Q

example of osteosarcoma

A

bone cancer

475
Q

malignant tumor of cartilage

A

chondrosarcoma

476
Q

What is a benign tumor of connective tissue?

A

Chondroma

477
Q

malignant tumor of fatty connective tissue

A

liposarcoma

478
Q

What do you call a tumor that infiltrates fatty connective tissue?

A

liposarcoma

479
Q

malignant tumor of fibrous connective tissue

A

fibrosarcoma

480
Q

malignant tumor of vascular tissue- blood or lymph

A

angiosarcoma

481
Q

types of angiosarcoma

A
  1. Hemangiosarcoma2. Lymphangiosarcoma
482
Q

malignant tumor of blood vascular tissue

A

hemangiosarcoma

483
Q

malignant tumor of lymph vascular tissue

A

lymphangiosarcoma

484
Q

malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue

A

lymphoma

485
Q

Three tumors that end in “oma”, which indicates a malignant tumor

A
  1. Melanoma2. Lymphoma3. Glioma
486
Q

example of Lymphoma

A

Hodgkin’s disease

487
Q

an enlarged cervical lymphoid usually on the left side of the neck in young adult males

A

Hodgkin’s disease

488
Q

still has a malignant tumor, but it does not present itself in young males…malignant tumor in the spleen

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

489
Q

The largest mass of lymphoid tissue in body is the_________

A

spleen

490
Q

the largest and most active lymphoid tissue during INFANCY is the ____________

A

thymus gland

491
Q

Sarcoma is also used for malignant tumor of ______________ as well as ____________.

A

muscle tissueconnective tissue

492
Q

Malignant muscle tissue also known as

A

myosarcoma

493
Q

Types of MALIGNANT muscle tissue

A
  1. Rhabdomyosarcoma2. Leiomyosarcoma
494
Q

malignant tumor of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

495
Q

malignant tumor of visceral (smooth) muscle tissue

A

Leiomyosarcoma

496
Q

example of Leiomyosarcoma

A

Esophageal cancer

497
Q

malignant tumor of the nervous tissue

A

glioma

498
Q

most common example of glioma is…

A

brain tumor

499
Q

type of cancer that DOES NOT end in sarcoma

A

Leukemia

500
Q

in adults, the leading cause of death resulting from cancer, regardless of sex is________

A

lung cancer

501
Q

most frequently reported malignant cancer…

A

skin cancer (squamous cell cancer)

502
Q

You can live longer with________

A

carcinoma

503
Q

Post-mortem conditions of malignant tumors

A
  1. Emaciation2. Discoloration3. Hemorrhage4. Tissue deformation5. Extravascular obstruction6. Dehydration
504
Q

Wasting away, loss of tissue. It is most noticeable in the temporal bone region.

A

Emaciation

505
Q

emaciation also known as

A

cachexia

506
Q

indicates liver dysfunction—a shade of green or yellow

A

jaundice

507
Q

wide spread pinpoint hemorrhages…petite or smallest of the hemorrhages. Seen in long term chemotherapeutic patients

A

purpura

508
Q

types of discoloration

A
  1. Jaundice2. Purpura
509
Q

loss of bloodcommon with brain tumors

A

hemorrhage

510
Q

tissue is deformed or eaten away

A

tissue deformation

511
Q

in the blood vascular system

A

extravascular obstruction

512
Q

example of extravascular obstruction

A

Wilm’s tumor

513
Q

rare form of cancer…cancer in the kidneys…commonly found in children

A

Wilm’s tumor

514
Q

Predisposing factors of diseases of the heart & blood vessels

A
  1. Heredity2. Obesity53. Diabetes4. Elevated cholesterol levels5. Social factors
515
Q

condition or factors that make a person more susceptible to a disease.

A

Predisposing factors

516
Q

Social factors regarding predisposing factors…

A

a) Smokingb) Substance abusec) Stress - type A personalityd) Diet

517
Q

Types of Heart conditions….

A
  1. Dilatation2. Hypertrophy3. Endocarditis4. Valvular defects5. Pericarditis6. Myocarditis7. Rheumatic heart disease8. Coronary artery disease9. Cardiac failure10. Myocardial infarcation11. Hypertensive heart disease12. Cardiomyopathy13. Carditis
518
Q

Dilatation used as a verb…

A

dilation

519
Q

usually a temporary condition…INCREASE in the LENGTH or STRETCHING of heart muscle fibers.

A

dilatation

520
Q

usually a permanent condition…INCREASE in size of the heart muscle by an INCREASE in the SIZE of the heart cells itself.

A

hypertrophy

521
Q

inflammation of the endocardium

A

endocarditis

522
Q

inner most layer of the heart…the layer of the heart in which heart valves are made.

A

endocardium

523
Q

Types of Valvular Defects…

A
  1. insufficiency2. stenosis3. prolapse
524
Q

incompetence…failure of a heart valve to close or seat properly.

A

insufficiency

525
Q

narrowing…a reduction or narrowing in the size of the opening controlled by a heart valve.

A

stenosis

526
Q

weakening…(collapse) in the wall of a heart cusp making up a heart valve.

A

prolapse

527
Q

inflammation of the pericardium

A

pericarditis

528
Q

sac surrounding the heart

A

pericardium

529
Q

inflammation of the myocaredium

A

myocarditis

530
Q

muscle layer of the heart

A

myocardium

531
Q

this heart disease is CONTAGIOUS…caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes and Ashoff bodies.

A

Rheumatic heart disease

532
Q

a strict pathogen

A

streptococcus pyogenes

533
Q

scar tissue which form in persons who recover from the childhood disease rheumatic fever

A

ashoff bodies

534
Q

a disease affecting the coronary arteries

A

coronary artery disease

535
Q

disease of the major vascular system of the body that conveys blood…Veins, Arteries, & Capillaries

A

blood vessel disease

536
Q

inflammation of the arteries

A

arteritis

537
Q

hardening of the blood vessels.

A

arteriosclerosis

538
Q

This is a CHRONIC or slowly progressive disease. The late stage of hardening of the arteries. Seen mostly in the femoral arteries.

A

Arteriosclerosis

539
Q

Diseases of the THE BLOOD VESSELS

A
  1. Arteritis2. Arteriosclerosis3. Aneurysm4. Phlebitis5. Varicose veins
540
Q

weakness in the wall of an artery…found mostly at the splitting of OR just above the bifurcation of the Abdominal Aorta.

A

Aneurysm

541
Q

inflammation of a vein

A

phlebitis

542
Q

dilated or engorged superficial veins. Can NOT be surgically removed

A

varicose veins

543
Q

varicose veins are also called…

A

varices

544
Q

this is the earlier stage of hardening of the arteries that have the presence or formation of ATHEROMAS.

A

Atherosclerosis

545
Q

fatty plaques

A

Atheromas

546
Q

tends to form in Tortuous Arteries…

A

atherosclerosis

547
Q

arteries that can quickly change the volume of blood flow that is flowing through them in a short period of time.

A

tortuous arteries

548
Q

Atherosclerosis are related to all of the following PER OUR NOTES*****

A

Coronary ArteriesCerebral Arterial Arteries (circle of willis)

549
Q

Inflammation of vein due to the presence of an attached blood clot

A

Thrombophlebitis

550
Q

most patients with thrombophlebitis are put on…

A

blood thinners

551
Q

Types of CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

A
  1. Thrombosis2. Spasms3. Embolism
552
Q

the presence of an attached blood clot during life in the coronary arteries

A

thrombosis

553
Q

the presence of a free floating object in the blood stream

A

embolism

554
Q

abnormal contraction of the heart muscle

A

spasms

555
Q

spasms can also be called…

A

fibrillation

556
Q

Groups of diseases of the blood

A

Reactive ChangeAnemiaHemopoietic disordersBleeding disorders

557
Q

Types of Reactive Changes in diseases of the blood

A
  1. Leukocytosis2. Leukopenia
558
Q

a SUDDEN and TEMPORARY INCREASE in the total number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS, as part of a natural inflammatory response-injury

A

Leukocytosis

559
Q

A decrease in the total number of white blood cells due to disease. Bone marrow not producing proper number of white blood cells.

A

Leukopenia

560
Q

white blood cells…

A

leukocytes

561
Q

The biggest cause of LEUKOPENIA is ___________________ not producing the proper number of ______________________.

A

Bone marrowWhite blood cells

562
Q

a DECREASE in the total number of RED BLOOD cells, hemoglobin, or both.

A

anemia

563
Q

this literally means, the absence of or lack of blood

A

anemia

564
Q

Types of Anemia

A
  1. Primary2. Secondary
565
Q

a previously existing condition which causes anemia

A

secondary anemia

566
Q

example of secondary anemia

A

leukemia

567
Q

the first disease by which a person is diagnosed

A

primary anemia

568
Q

formation of all blood cells that occurs in the bone marrow

A

hemopoiesis

569
Q

type of hemopoietic disorders

A
  1. Leukemia2. Polycythemia vera
570
Q

Cancer of the blood - a malignant tumor of the blood forming organs characterized by excess production of improperly functioning white blood cells.

A

leukemia

571
Q

A disease in which a person is producing excess numbers of red blood cells or erythrocytes. This causes blood to become thicker or increase viscosity which reduces the blood flow and increases the tendency to form clots.

A

Polycythemia vera

572
Q

Polycythemia vera is also known as…

A

erythrocytosis

573
Q

types of bleeding disorders

A
  1. Hemophilia2. Purpura3. Thrombocytopenia
574
Q

(an affinity for blood) Bleeders disease, a hereditary disease in male offspring characterized by the absence of an essential clotting factor. (factor 8)

A

hemophilia

575
Q

Widespread hemorrhage, loss of blood scattered throughout the body.

A

Purpura

576
Q

Decrease in the total number of thrombocytes or platelets due to disease. Thrombocytes initiates the clotting process.

A

Thrombocytopenia

577
Q

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas which has as it’s purpose the breakdown of foods and liquids into useful soluble substances for distribution to the bloodstream throughout the body.

A

Accessory organs of digestion

578
Q

specific diseases of the digestive system

A
  1. Inflammatory/degenerative2. Genetic/developmental3. Obstruction
579
Q

types of inflammatory/degenerative diseases

A
  1. gingivitis2. pharyngitis3. esophagitis4. gastritis5. peptic ulcer6. enteritis7. colitis8. appendicitis9. hemorrhoids10. hepatitis11. cirrhosis12. cholecystitis13. choletithaiasis14. cholangitis15. pancreatitis16. peritonitis17. diverticulosis
580
Q

Inflammation of the gums

A

Gingivitis

581
Q

Inflammation of the pharynx - a sore throat

A

Pharyngitis

582
Q

Inflammation of the muscular tube which conveys food from the throat to the stomach through the esophagus.

A

Esophagitis

583
Q

example of esophagitis

A

bilemia

584
Q

Inflammation of the stomach.

A

Gastritis

585
Q

A localized area of necrotic epithelia (dead tissue) caused by the action of the enzyme pepsin.

A

Peptic ulcer

586
Q

dead tissue

A

necrotic epithelia

587
Q

a digestive enzyme

A

pepsin

588
Q

where are peptic ulcers commonly found?

A

stomach or duodenum

589
Q

Inflammation of the small intestine.

A

enteritis

590
Q

Inflammation of one or more divisions of the colon. The colon is the longest division of the large intestines.

A

colitis

591
Q

types of colitis

A
  1. amebic2. ulcerative
592
Q

inflammation of the longest division of the large intestine characterized by several localized areas of dead epithelial.

A

ulcerative colitis

593
Q

a microscopic animal that has invaded and actively multiplying in the colon

A

amebic colitis

594
Q

inflammation of the vermiform appendix, attached to the cecum

A

appendicitis

595
Q

snakelike structure

A

vermiform

596
Q

ulcerative colitis is a __________ disease

A

psychosomatic

597
Q

self induced disease

A

psychosomatic disease

598
Q

cure for ulcerative colitis…

A

coloscomy

599
Q

pus in the pleural cavity

A

empyema

600
Q

leading cause of death in 1900s

A

TB

601
Q

an allergic disease in which a person has to be exposed to twice…can attack any part of the body but usually attacks the lungs.

A

TB

602
Q

TB of the lungs is called…

A

pulmonary TB

603
Q

most lethal form of TB

A

miliary TB

604
Q

a group of a lung diseases caused by prolonged inhalation of a single foreign substance.CONFIRM DEFINITION

A

Pneumoconoses

605
Q

???????? definition coal miners disease or black lung disease.

A

Anthracosis

606
Q

caused by excess exposure to silica…inside ash trays of buildings & seen in occupation of sandblasting.

A

Silicosis

607
Q

caused by the prolonged inhalation of asbestos. Ex: Roofers

A

Asbestosis

608
Q

failure of the lung tissue to expand at birth

A

Atelectasis in INFANTS

609
Q

the collapse of a lung due to complete bronchial obstruction

A

Atelectasis in ADULTS

610
Q

over distention or rupture of the alveoli in the lungs caused by a partial or incomplete bronchial obstruction.

A

Emphysema

611
Q

localized collection of pus in the lungs. Usually bacterial in nature.

A

lung abscess

612
Q

commonly called a collapsed lung

A

Atelectasis in ADULTS

613
Q

histoplasmosis is what type of disease

A

systemic Fungal disease

614
Q

tiny air sacs in the lungs

A

alveoli

615
Q

ring worm is what type of disease

A

superficial fungal disease

616
Q

fungal disease classifications

A

superficialsystemic

617
Q

failure of the roof of the mouth to close or form completely

A

cleft lip/palate

618
Q

cleft lip/palate is commonly called

A

hare palate

619
Q

Types of Genetic/developmental diseases

A

Cleft lip/palateCystic fibrosis

620
Q

over secretion of an excessively thick mucus forming in the lower respiratory tract.

A

cystic fibrosis

621
Q

cystic fibrosis is what type of disease?

A

hereditary

622
Q

patients usually die from cystic fibrosis due to what reason….

A

the mucus so thick that even if they cough the substance blocks breathing.

623
Q

Obstructive diseases of the respiratory tract.

A

airway obstructionCOPD

624
Q

an obstruction within the air passageway

A

choking

625
Q

an obstruction from outside the breathing tube

A

asphyxia & suffocation

626
Q

COPD stands for…

A

chronic obstruction pulmonary disease

627
Q

ex of COPD

A

chronic bronchitisemphysema

628
Q

postmortem conditions of diseases of the respiratory tract

A
  1. Cyanosis2. Emaciation3. Edema4. Hemorrhage5. Caviation
629
Q

a reddish-blue discoloration seen tissues- caused by lack of oxygen.

A

cyanosis

630
Q

loss of tissue. Most noticeable in the face and temporal region.

A

emaciation

631
Q

excess fluid in pleural cavity or thoracic cavitygives the body a barrel-shaped chest appearance

A

hydrothorax/pleural effusion

632
Q

examples of edema in postmortem conditions

A

hydrothoraxpleural effusion

633
Q

loss of blood

A

hemorrhage

634
Q

blood in the septum (phlem)…will see clotted during cavity treatment

A

hemoptosis

635
Q

presence or formation of spaces or cavities in the lung tissue

A

cavitation

636
Q

most common heart valve where valvular defects take place and why?

A

Mitral valve, because of its structure…only heart valve that has two distinct sections or cusps making it up

637
Q

note that…

A

congestive heart failure- Usually occurs in adulthood. In adults the persons heart was not beating as fast as it should; swollen ankles are indicative of CHF; children- generally a result of improper structural changes that fail to occur at birth or shortly thereafter.

638
Q

Death of heart muscle tissue caused by interference in blood supply. Commonly known as a heart attack; it could be mild (dead muscle tissue but not enough to kill the person).

A

myocardial infarction

639
Q

hypertension or high blood pressure caused by a diseases of the heart. (Give patient a diuretic)

A

hypertensive heart disease

640
Q

a disease of the heart muscle; can be born with this. If diagnosed early enough, the patient would be a candidate for a heart transplant)

A

cardiomyopathy

641
Q

end stage of liver disease; in which the normal/ healthy liver cells are replaced by the surrounding supporting cells; are candidates for a liver transplant; appearance little bumps on the surface of the liver called a hob nail liver

A

Cirrhosis

642
Q

dilated or engorged veins; located around the anal canal; can be internal or external (risk or danger is blood loss; blood in the stool “Melina”)

A

Hemorrhoids

643
Q

inflammation of the liver (3types) would like to suffer from type A if diagnosed; vaccine to help with immunity;

A

Hepatitis

644
Q

inflammation of the sac containing bile; inflammation of the gallbladder

A

Choleystitis

645
Q

the presence or formation of cholelithis; referred to as gall stones

A

Cholelithiasis-

646
Q

Inflammation of one or more of the bile ducts

A

Cholangitis-

647
Q

inflammation of the pancreas; false membrane will form around the pancreas (heterocrine gland) causing blockage of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone (most lethal form of cancer)

A

Pancreatitis-

648
Q

inflammation of the perineum; largest serous membranes (the membrane which lines the abdominal viscera/ organs)

A

Peritonitis-

649
Q

the presence of one or more an intestinal hernia also referred to as diverticula/ diverticulum a weakness of the wall of the large intestine;

A

Diverticulosis-

650
Q

a narrowing in the size of the opening controlled by the pyloric valve of the stomach, circular shaped valve that controls the passing of food from the stomach to the small intestines

A

Pyloric stenosis

651
Q

Specific diseases of the digestive system Genetic/developmental**

A
  1. Pyloric Stenosis2. Hernia
652
Q

abnormal protrusion of a body part of organ into an area where it’s not normally found;

A

Hernia

653
Q

the stomach protruding into the thoracic cavity

A

Heiatel hernia

654
Q

blockage within the digestive system; blocks the flow of food

A

Obstruction

655
Q

types of Obstruction concerning the digestive system

A
  1. Bile duct- 2. Volvulus- 3. Intussuception4. Adhesioins
656
Q

obstruction or blockage due to gallstones

A

bile duct

657
Q

obstruction or blockage due to a twisting of the intestines

A

volvulus

658
Q

obstruction or blockage; telescoping of the intesitnes

A

intussecption

659
Q

Obstruction or Blockage; scar tissue which form due to a previous disease or from surgery

A

adhesion

660
Q

a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; the evacuation of any substance after death.

A

purge

661
Q

a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; this will call more blood clots

A

rapid coagilation of blood

662
Q

Specific diseases of the respiratory tract Inflammatory/degenerative…….the infection or inflammation of lung tissue itself.

A

pneumonia

663
Q

3 types of pneumonia

A

lobarbronchial viral

664
Q

a type of pneumonia; infection confined to one or more lobes of the lung tissue.

A

lobar pneumonia

665
Q

a type of pneumonia; infection of the lung tissue that began in the bronchi.

A

bronchial pneumonia

666
Q

Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory systemthe presence or formation of spaces or cavities in the lung tissue. Seen in patients with TB.

A

caviation

Comps Sciences (29 decks)

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