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Comps Sciences > Pathology Exam 3 > Flashcards

Pathology Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A circulatory disturbance

A disease in which a person has excess amounts of tissue fluid present in the body

A

Edema (Dropsy)

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2
Q

substance which bathes and surrounds the body cells.

A

Tissue fluids

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3
Q

causes of edema

A

a. Increased permeability of the capillaries. The capillaries are allowing too much fluid in and not enough out. The cells are swelling.
b. Increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure.
c. Inflammatory conditions - due to injury.
d. Fluid / electrolyte problems – post surgical problems

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4
Q

Examples of edema

A 
Anasarca 
Ascites
Hydrothorax 
Hydropericardium 
Hydrocele 
Hydro-cephalus
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5
Q

Type of edema

generalized edema – edema scattered throughout the entire body

A

Anasarca

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6
Q

Type of edema

excess tissue fluid in the abdominal cavity or peritoneal cavity.

A

Ascites

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7
Q

Type of edema

excess tissue fluid in the thoracic or plural cavity.

A

Hydrothorax

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8
Q

Type of edema

excess tissue fluid in the sack that surrounds the heart.

A

Hydropericardium

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9
Q

Type of edema

excess fluid or edema of a sacculated cavity. Affects the scrotum in males

A

Hydrocele

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10
Q

Type of edema
excess fluid in the cranial cavity - water on the brain. Affects the nervous system. Most commonly reported more in children than adults.

A

Hydro-cephalus

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11
Q

A circulatory disturbance

excess blood in a body part or organ

A

Hyperemia (congestion)

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12
Q

types of hyperemia

A

Physiological hyperemia
Pathological hyperemia
Active hyperemia
Passive hyperemia

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13
Q

types of hyperemia

e.g., blushing - excess blood in a body part or organ due to increased functional demand.

A

Physiological hyperemia

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14
Q

types of hyperemia

e.g., cyanosis - excess blood in a body part or organ due to disease

A

Pathological hyperemia

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15
Q

types of hyperemia

excess blood in a body part or organ brought there by the arteries

A

Active hyperemia

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16
Q

types of hyperemia
excess blood in a body part or organ due to venous obstruction, an obstruction which is present in the veins. Passive hyperemia is always pathologic.

A

Passive hyperemia

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17
Q

reddish blue discoloration seen in the tissues due to lack of oxygen

A

Cyanosis

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18
Q

a circulatory disturbance

a reduction in the arterial blood supply to a body part or organ

A

Ischemia

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19
Q

the most common cause of ischemia is?

A

the presence of an attached blood clot present in an artery.

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20
Q

if left untreated, what is the effect of ischemia?

A

death - infarction (death of tissue due to interference of blood supply).

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21
Q

a circulatory disturbance

the process by which there is the presence of an attached blood clot during life.

A

Thrombosis

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22
Q

single blood clot

A

Thrombus

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23
Q

two or more blood clots

A

Thrombi

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24
Q

causes of thrombosis (4)

A

a. Injuries to blood vessels.
b. Slower or reduced rate of blood flow.
c. Alterations in blood composition.
d. Blood diseases - becoming thin from within such as leukemia.

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25
Q

locations of thrombi

A

a. Veins
b. Arteries
c. chambers of the heart

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26
Q

the most common site for thrombi

A

veins

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27
Q

thrombi in the lower extremities would cause

A

DVT

deep vein thrombosis

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28
Q

the least common site for thrombi

A

chambers of the heart

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29
Q

the chambers of the heart is the least common site for thrombi. Why?

A

they were shipped to the heart from another part of the body

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30
Q

when a thrombi changes location it becomes?

A

mural

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31
Q

a thrombi becoming mural (or changing location) is the greatest risk because?

A

the attached blood clot has become infected, and once it becomes infected, it will spread

32
Q

consequences of thrombi depend on what?

A

where it is located

33
Q

a consequence of thrombosis

thrombosis present in the artery – causes reduction in arterial blood supply. Restricts blood flow

A

ischemia

34
Q

the most common consequence of thrombosis. Present in the vein.

A

Passive hyperemia

35
Q

a consequence of thrombosis

death of the tissue caused by interference in blood supply - ischemic necrosis + putrefaction

A

gangrene

36
Q

a circulatory disturbance

the process by which there is a free floating object in the blood stream during life.

A

Embolism

37
Q

a single free floating object in the blood during life

A

embolus

38
Q

one or more objects in the blood during life

A

emboli

39
Q

types of embolism

A

a. Fragments of thrombi
b. Bacteria
c. Tumors
d. Animal parasites
e. Fat
f. Gas
g. Foreign bodies

40
Q

types of embolism

a clot that detaches or breaks off. The most common type of an embolism.

A

Fragments of thrombi

41
Q

types of embolism

present in the blood stream during life. Blood poisoning

A

Bacteria

42
Q

types of embolism
swelling; an abnormal growth. Malignant or non-malignant. Begins as free floating in the blood stream. Spread by the blood or lymph system.

A

Tumors

43
Q

types of embolism

free floating in the blood stream.

A

Animal parasites

44
Q

types of embolism

fat cells free floating in the blood stream.

A

Fat

45
Q

types of embolism

air free floating in the blood stream.

A

gas

46
Q

types of embolism

small pieces of glass or metal free floating in the blood stream.

A

Foreign bodies

47
Q

Consequences of embolism

A

a. Ischemia - reduction in arterial blood supply.
b. Infarction - localized area of dead tissue caused by interference of blood supply.
c. Spread of infection or neoplasm (new growth).
d. Necrosis - dead tissue, i.e. heart.

48
Q

a circulatory disturbance
loss of blood from the vascular system. A human can lose no more than half (1/2) without irreversible damage or death.

A

hemorrhage

49
Q

Methods of hemorrhage

A

Rhexis or Diapedesis

50
Q

loss of blood by rupture of a blood vessel. Rupture of one of the chambers of the heart

A

rhexis

51
Q

loss of blood by squeezing through the pores of the capillaries

A

Diapedesis

52
Q

Causes of hemorrhage

A

a. Trauma - wound or injury
b. Vascular diseases of the blood vessels
c. Hypertension - high blood pressure
d. Blood diseases - plethora - excess amount of circulating blood

53
Q 
Related terms (3)
Size of the hemorrhage
A

Petechia
Echymosis
Hematoma

54
Q

pinpoint hemorrhages;, smallest of the hemorrhages in terms of size; commonly seen in cancer patients
(think of petite)

A

Petechia

55
Q

medium sized hemorrhage (bruise or black and blue spot). Most famous sites- long term IV or a shiner (black eye)

A

Echymosis

56
Q

a tumor like mass of lost blood.
Largest of the hemorrhages in terms of size
(Pool of blood such as a gun shot wound).
(hema-huge-largest)

A

Hematoma

57
Q

Location of the hemorrhage (10)

A 
Epistaxis 
Hemoptysis 
Hematemesis	
Melena 
Hemothorax 
Hemoperitoneum 	
Hematuria 
Exsanguination 
Hemopericardium 
Hemophilia
58
Q

Location of the hemorrhage

nose bleed, blood coming from the nasal cavity

A

Epistaxis

59
Q

Location of the hemorrhage

blood brought up in sputum from the respiratory tract. (Emphysema)

A

Hemoptysis

60
Q

Location of the hemorrhage

vomiting of blood. Blood in the vomit from the digestive tract.

A

Hematemesis

61
Q

Location of the hemorrhage
the presence of blood in feces (the stool.) Intestinal tract, the stool color changes from brown to black. (Colon cancer, diverticulitis)

A

Melena

62
Q

Location of the hemorrhage

the presence of blood in the thoracic cavity or plural cavity.

A

Hemothorax

63
Q

Location of the hemorrhage

the presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity or abdominal cavity.

A

Hemoperitoneum

64
Q

Location of the hemorrhage

the presence of blood in the urine or urinary tract, urinary tract infection.

A

Hematuria

65
Q

Location of the hemorrhage
massive loss of blood which usually results in death or irreversible damage. The body cannot loose more than 1/2 of the blood volume, without death or irreversible damage

A

Exsanguination

66
Q

Location of the hemorrhage

excess blood in the sack surrounding the heart.

A

Hemopericardium

67
Q

Location of the hemorrhage
an affinity for blood. The bleeder’s disease. A heredity disease only found in males characterized by the absence or a deficiency of an essential clotting factor, factor 8.

A

Hemophilia

68
Q

Postmortem conditions in regards to circulatory disturbances

A
  1. Diminished circulation
  2. Abscesses
  3. Hemorrhages
  4. Emaciation/ Dehydration
  5. Rapid decomposition
  6. Discoloration Intravascular and/or extravascular.
69
Q

diminished circulation postmortem is due to

A

the hardening of the arteries

70
Q

a postmortem circulatory disturbance

localized collection of pus

A

abscess

71
Q

occurring postmortem

massive loss of blood can cause generalized circulatory shock.

A

hemorrhages

72
Q

the wasting away or loss of tissue

A

emaciation

73
Q

loss of moisture from the body.

A

dehydration

74
Q

postmortem hypostasis which causes livor mortis (reddish blue discoloration) which is an intravascular blood discoloration. Can be usually removed by embalming.

A
75
Q

blood discoloration after death outside the intravascular system. This is a cosmetic problem.

A

extravascular

76
Q

National board question: What is considered the most permanent blood discoloration?

A

Post mortem extravascular (post mortem stain)

Comps Sciences (29 decks)

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