Pathology Exam 2 Flashcards
types of cellular reaction to any type of injury
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2 types of reversible tissue changes
progressive tissue changes
regressive tissue changes
this reversible tissue change usually implies an increase in size
progressive tissue change
this reversible tissue change usually implies a decrease in size
regressive tissue change
an irreversible change to injury
death
Regressive changes (4 types)
Degeneration (intracellular)
Infiltration (intercellular)
Necrosis
Atrophy
type of regressive tissue change in which we have the accumulation or buildup of a substance intracellularly within the protoplasm of cells.
Degeneration
Types of degeneration
(a) Cellular (cloudy) swelling -
(b) Fatty degeneration -
(c) Amyloid disease - .
most common type of degeneration. Similar to edema (excess amounts of tissue fluids which bathe and surround the body cells.) This fluid is between cells. Intracellular, cloudy swelling. The swelling would be transient or temporary.
Cellular (cloudy) swelling -
fatty change - fatty metamorphosis – build up or accumulation of fat within the protoplasm of normal cells. Fat in the liver cells affects the liver.
Liver dysfunction
Fatty degeneration
accumulation or buildup of amyloid, a waxy starch-like substance within the normal protoplasm of cells. The amyloid is being deposited within the protoplasm of normal cells
Amyloid disease
Two most common types of amyloid diseases reported:
TB - Typically, in adults, it begins in the lungs.
Osteomyelitis – inflammation of the spongy bone marrow inside bones.
a type of regressive tissue change, in which we have an accumulation or buildup of a substance between the cells
Infiltration (intercellular)
What is the difference between degeneration and infiltration?
where the substances are being deposited
a type of infiltration; the accumulation of pigmented or colored substance between cells.
Pigmentation
pigmentation originated outside the body
Exogenous
a color change along the gum line due to lead
plumbism
black lung disease
anthracosis
the active ingredient of pepto-bismol will cause color change in the small intestines
bismuth poisoning
abnormal buildup of a pigmented or colored substance naturally produced within the body, e.g. jaundice, freckles, moles.
Endogenous
abnormal accumulation or buildup of calcium salts between cell fibers, as in sclerotic vessels, the way the body heals bone fractures.
Calcification
calcareous infiltration
abnormal accumulation or excess of uric acid, especially seen in the big toe
Gout
types of infiltration (3)
pigmentation
calcification
gout
another name for birthmarks
Albenism (albino)
a type of regressive tissue change where there is a localized area of dead tissue in the living body.
Necrosis
causes of necrosis (4)
(1) Insufficient blood supply.
(2) Physical agent - temperature extremes, radiation.
(3) Chemical agents
(4) Loss of nerve supply
types of necrosis (3)
(1) Caseous necrosis
(2) Gangrene
(3) Decubitus ulcer
a type of necrosis - Cheeselike in appearance as seen in T.B.
Caseous necrosis
ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction
gangrene
reduction in arterial blood supply.
Ischemic
the decomposition of proteins in an anaerobic environment (absence of oxygen).
Putrefaction
organisms that obtain their food from dead matter
Saprophytes
commonly called true gangrene – The foreword definition is ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction, since saprophytes are present; foul odor present; no line of demarcation between dead tissue and functional tissue. This type of gangrene spreads very quickly.
moist gangrene
In humans, moist gangrene is most common where?
extremities or the viscera (organs)
false gangrene; no saprophytes present; no order; nice line of demarcation. This type of gangrene spreads slowly.
dry gangrene
only gangrene that is infectious in nature, caused by Clostridium perfringens (a bacteria which can cause spores) during life; microorganisms causes tissue gas in death.
gas gangrene
types of gangrene (3)
moist
dry
gas
type of necrosis; commonly called bedsores which are caused by pressure points which restrict blood flow. (Most commonly seen in bed ridden patients.) They don’t respond well to vascular embalming.
Decubitus ulcer
a type of regressive change; absence or lack of growth. A decrease in size of a body part or organ that previously was of normal size. (shrink)
atrophy
types of atrophy (2)
physiological atrophy
pathological atrophy
a type of atrophy; a decrease in size of a body part or organ due to decreased functional demands
physiological atrophy
an example of physiological atrophy; located at the base of the neck. Largest and most active during infancy. (T-cell lymphocytes)
thymus gland
the progressive shrinkage of all organs as part of the natural aging process
senile atrophy
All ______ will atrophy or shrink as a part of the natural aging process
organs
another example of physiological atrophy; reduction in breast size after lactation
*
decrease in size of a body part or organ due to disease – (emaciation) anorexia nervosa; cancer; disuse. Disease of a body part (muscle) which will decrease in size
pathological atrophy
the body’s total response to any injury
inflammation
functions of inflammation
protection of the body, if possible -
a. Destroy the causative agent.
b. Limit the area affected.
c. Begin the process of repair - the process to replace destroyed cells with new ones (scar tissue), but not the same as the destroyed cells.
Causes of inflammation
a. Physical irritants - extremes of temperature - hot or cold.
Radiation which is cumulative.
b. Chemical irritants - an exposure to chemical.
c. Infectious agents - any type of microscopic pathogens.
d. Immunological reactions - allergic reaction to a immunological shot (autoimmune disease).
Process of inflammation
a. Hyperemia (congestion)
b. Exudation
vascular. Excess blood to the injured body part or organ. The first phase in the inflammatory process. Whole blood is shipped to area of injury by the arteries. Ship whole blood to area of injury first.
Hyperemia (congestion)
The second phase of the inflammatory process. The oozing of fluids at the level of the capillaries.
Exudation
the liquid that is oozed at the level of the capillaries
exudate
Three types of exudates
Purulent (suppurative)
Hemorrhagic
Serous
Exudates which contain pus (dead and living white blood cells and dead and living bacteria).
Purulent (suppurative)
exudate which contains blood.
Hemorrhagic
exudate which does not contain pus.
Serous
An outstanding feature of serous
blisters
Cardinal signs and/or symptoms of inflammation – (Mr. Vesless) these should be temporary.
Heat Redness Swelling Pain Altered function