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Comps Sciences > Pathology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Pathology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

types of cellular reaction to any type of injury

A

???

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2
Q

2 types of reversible tissue changes

A

progressive tissue changes

regressive tissue changes

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3
Q

this reversible tissue change usually implies an increase in size

A

progressive tissue change

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4
Q

this reversible tissue change usually implies a decrease in size

A

regressive tissue change

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5
Q

an irreversible change to injury

A

death

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6
Q

Regressive changes (4 types)

A

Degeneration (intracellular)
Infiltration (intercellular)
Necrosis
Atrophy

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7
Q

type of regressive tissue change in which we have the accumulation or buildup of a substance intracellularly within the protoplasm of cells.

A

Degeneration

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8
Q

Types of degeneration

A

(a) Cellular (cloudy) swelling -
(b) Fatty degeneration -
(c) Amyloid disease - .

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9
Q

most common type of degeneration. Similar to edema (excess amounts of tissue fluids which bathe and surround the body cells.) This fluid is between cells. Intracellular, cloudy swelling. The swelling would be transient or temporary.

A

Cellular (cloudy) swelling -

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10
Q

fatty change - fatty metamorphosis – build up or accumulation of fat within the protoplasm of normal cells. Fat in the liver cells affects the liver.
Liver dysfunction

A

Fatty degeneration

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11
Q

accumulation or buildup of amyloid, a waxy starch-like substance within the normal protoplasm of cells. The amyloid is being deposited within the protoplasm of normal cells

A

Amyloid disease

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12
Q

Two most common types of amyloid diseases reported:

A

TB - Typically, in adults, it begins in the lungs.

Osteomyelitis – inflammation of the spongy bone marrow inside bones.

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13
Q

a type of regressive tissue change, in which we have an accumulation or buildup of a substance between the cells

A

Infiltration (intercellular)

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14
Q

What is the difference between degeneration and infiltration?

A

where the substances are being deposited

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15
Q

a type of infiltration; the accumulation of pigmented or colored substance between cells.

A

Pigmentation

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16
Q

pigmentation originated outside the body

A

Exogenous

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17
Q

a color change along the gum line due to lead

A

plumbism

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18
Q

black lung disease

A

anthracosis

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19
Q

the active ingredient of pepto-bismol will cause color change in the small intestines

A

bismuth poisoning

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20
Q

abnormal buildup of a pigmented or colored substance naturally produced within the body, e.g. jaundice, freckles, moles.

A

Endogenous

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21
Q

abnormal accumulation or buildup of calcium salts between cell fibers, as in sclerotic vessels, the way the body heals bone fractures.

A

Calcification

calcareous infiltration

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22
Q

abnormal accumulation or excess of uric acid, especially seen in the big toe

A

Gout

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23
Q

types of infiltration (3)

A

pigmentation
calcification
gout

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24
Q

another name for birthmarks

A

Albenism (albino)

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25
Q

a type of regressive tissue change where there is a localized area of dead tissue in the living body.

A

Necrosis

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26
Q

causes of necrosis (4)

A

(1) Insufficient blood supply.
(2) Physical agent - temperature extremes, radiation.
(3) Chemical agents
(4) Loss of nerve supply

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27
Q

types of necrosis (3)

A

(1) Caseous necrosis
(2) Gangrene
(3) Decubitus ulcer

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28
Q

a type of necrosis - Cheeselike in appearance as seen in T.B.

A

Caseous necrosis

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29
Q

ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction

A

gangrene

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30
Q

reduction in arterial blood supply.

A

Ischemic

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31
Q

the decomposition of proteins in an anaerobic environment (absence of oxygen).

A

Putrefaction

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32
Q

organisms that obtain their food from dead matter

A

Saprophytes

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33
Q

commonly called true gangrene – The foreword definition is ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction, since saprophytes are present; foul odor present; no line of demarcation between dead tissue and functional tissue. This type of gangrene spreads very quickly.

A

moist gangrene

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34
Q

In humans, moist gangrene is most common where?

A

extremities or the viscera (organs)

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35
Q

false gangrene; no saprophytes present; no order; nice line of demarcation. This type of gangrene spreads slowly.

A

dry gangrene

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36
Q

only gangrene that is infectious in nature, caused by Clostridium perfringens (a bacteria which can cause spores) during life; microorganisms causes tissue gas in death.

A

gas gangrene

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37
Q

types of gangrene (3)

A

moist
dry
gas

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38
Q

type of necrosis; commonly called bedsores which are caused by pressure points which restrict blood flow. (Most commonly seen in bed ridden patients.) They don’t respond well to vascular embalming.

A

Decubitus ulcer

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39
Q

a type of regressive change; absence or lack of growth. A decrease in size of a body part or organ that previously was of normal size. (shrink)

A

atrophy

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40
Q

types of atrophy (2)

A

physiological atrophy

pathological atrophy

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41
Q

a type of atrophy; a decrease in size of a body part or organ due to decreased functional demands

A

physiological atrophy

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42
Q

an example of physiological atrophy; located at the base of the neck. Largest and most active during infancy. (T-cell lymphocytes)

A

thymus gland

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43
Q

the progressive shrinkage of all organs as part of the natural aging process

A

senile atrophy

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44
Q

All ______ will atrophy or shrink as a part of the natural aging process

A

organs

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45
Q

another example of physiological atrophy; reduction in breast size after lactation

A

*

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46
Q

decrease in size of a body part or organ due to disease – (emaciation) anorexia nervosa; cancer; disuse. Disease of a body part (muscle) which will decrease in size

A

pathological atrophy

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47
Q

the body’s total response to any injury

A

inflammation

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48
Q

functions of inflammation

A

protection of the body, if possible -

a. Destroy the causative agent.
b. Limit the area affected.
c. Begin the process of repair - the process to replace destroyed cells with new ones (scar tissue), but not the same as the destroyed cells.

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49
Q

Causes of inflammation

A

a. Physical irritants - extremes of temperature - hot or cold.
Radiation which is cumulative.

b. Chemical irritants - an exposure to chemical.
c. Infectious agents - any type of microscopic pathogens.
d. Immunological reactions - allergic reaction to a immunological shot (autoimmune disease).

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50
Q

Process of inflammation

A

a. Hyperemia (congestion)

b. Exudation

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51
Q

vascular. Excess blood to the injured body part or organ. The first phase in the inflammatory process. Whole blood is shipped to area of injury by the arteries. Ship whole blood to area of injury first.

A

Hyperemia (congestion)

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52
Q

The second phase of the inflammatory process. The oozing of fluids at the level of the capillaries.

A

Exudation

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53
Q

the liquid that is oozed at the level of the capillaries

A

exudate

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54
Q

Three types of exudates

A

Purulent (suppurative)

Hemorrhagic

Serous

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55
Q

Exudates which contain pus (dead and living white blood cells and dead and living bacteria).

A

Purulent (suppurative)

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56
Q

exudate which contains blood.

A

Hemorrhagic

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57
Q

exudate which does not contain pus.

A

Serous

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58
Q

An outstanding feature of serous

A

blisters

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59
Q

Cardinal signs and/or symptoms of inflammation – (Mr. Vesless) these should be temporary.

A 
Heat 
Redness 
Swelling 
Pain 
Altered function
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60
Q

Latin word meaning heat

61
Q

Latin word meaning redness

62
Q

Latin word meaning swelling

63
Q

Latin word meaning pain

64
Q

Latin word meaning altered function

A

functio laesa

65
Q

Inflammatory lesions (8)

A

a. Abscess
b. Phlegmon - cellulitis,
c. Vesicle
d. Furuncle
e. Carbuncles
f. Fistula
g. Ulcer
h. Pustule

66
Q

localized collection of pus.

67
Q

a diffuse or wide spread inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue. Usually appears as a red streak that is spreading rapidly just beneath the surface of the skin. (not to be confused with Bourbon nose)

A

Phlegmon

cellulitis

68
Q

medical name for blister, a slight elevation on the surface of the skin filled with serous or non-purulent fluid (does not contain pus); usually caused by second degree burns due to hot liquids or pressure points

69
Q

single non-communicating boil, a boil is the name commonly given to an abscess of a hair follicle or sweat gland. (Acne, pimple, zit, white head)

70
Q

several communicating boils where the drainage of the hair follicle or sweat gland are shared.

A

Carbuncles

71
Q

abnormal passageway. The most common site is the large intestine. Can occur between parts of a body or from a body part to the outside

72
Q

localized area of necrotic epithel

73
Q

three common sites for ulcers

A
  1. Upper GI tract, stomach or duodenum
  2. Toes on diabetics
  3. Decubitus ulcer - bedsore
74
Q

elevation of the surface of the skin which contains pus. (Pimple, whitehead, or black head) usually an oil gland.

75
Q

Acne, pimple, zit, white head are examples of

76
Q

Pimple, whitehead, or black head are examples of

77
Q

the outcome of the inflammation phase (3)

A
  1. Resolution
  2. Regeneration
  3. Repair
78
Q

part of the outcome of inflammation phase which signals an end of the exudation stage or inflammation stage.

A

resolution

79
Q

Two basic methods by which your body completes inflammation

A

Regeneration

Repair

80
Q

the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact same type of tissue

A

Regeneration

81
Q

two types of regeneration

A

a. Physiological Regeneration

b. Pathological Regeneration

82
Q

the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact same type of tissue; due to increased functional demand.

A

Physiological Regeneration

83
Q

the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact same type of tissue; due to disease (example: damage or disease of the skin, specifically burns)

A

Pathological Regeneration

84
Q

connective tissue cells. The replacement of damaged or diseased tissue with healthy new cells; most commonly connective tissue cells or by surgery – This results in scar tissue.

85
Q

Nervous system inflammation

A 
Encephalitis 
Myelitis 
Meningitis 
Poliomyelitis 
Neuritis
86
Q

inflammation of the brain

A

encephalitis

87
Q

inflammation of the spinal cord

88
Q

inflammation of the 3 layer membrane of the brain and spinal cord

A

meningitis

89
Q

inflammation of the gray matter portion of the spinal cord.

A

Poliomyelitis

90
Q

inflammation of a neuron or nerve cell

91
Q

Respiratory system inflammation

A 
Rhinitis 
Pharyngitis
Sinusitis 
Laryngitis 
Pleuritis (pleurisy) 	
Tracheitis 
Bronchitis 
Pneumonitis (pneumonia)
92
Q

inflammation of the nasal mucosa (mucusmembrane of the lining of the nasal cavity) nose.

93
Q

inflammation of the pharynx - a sore throat.

A

Pharyngitis

94
Q

inflammation of one or more sets of the paranasal sinuses. (near or along the nasal cavities)

95
Q

inflammation of the larynx or voice box.

A

Laryngitis

96
Q

inflammation of the pleura - a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs. (pleural space or cavity)

A

Pleuritis (pleurisy)

97
Q

inflammation of the trachea or windpipe.

A

Tracheitis

98
Q

inflammation of one or both of the bronchi (two) or bronchus (one)

A

Bronchitis

99
Q

inflammation of or infection of lung tissue itself.

A

Pneumonitis (pneumonia)

100
Q

3 types of Pneumonitis (pneumonia)

A

(1) lobar pneumonia - one portion of the lung.
(2) bronchial pneumonia
(3) viral pneumonia

101
Q

Digestive system inflammation

A 
Stomatitis 	
Glossitis 
Gingivitis 
Esophagitis 
Gastritis 
Enteritis 
Diverticulitis 
Colitis

Proctitis
Peritonitis
Pancreatitis

Hepatitis
Cholecystitis
Cholangitis
Appendicitis

102
Q

inflammation of the mouth

A

Stomatitis

103
Q

inflammation of the tongue

104
Q

inflammation of the gums

A

Gingivitis

105
Q

inflammation of the esophagus - the muscular tube that conveys food from the throat to the stomach

A

Esophagitis

106
Q

inflammation of the stomach

107
Q

inflammation of the small intestines.

108
Q

inflammation of the diverticulum or intestinal hernia

A

Diverticulitis

109
Q

inflammation of the colon - the longest division of the large intestines

110
Q

inflammation of the rectum

111
Q

inflammation of the peritoneum - the membrane which surrounds the abdominal viscera.

A

Peritonitis

112
Q

inflammation of the pancreases - a heterocrine gland

A

Pancreatitis

113
Q

inflammation of the liver

114
Q

inflammation of the sac containing bile or gallbladder.

A

Cholecystitis

115
Q

inflammation of one or more of the bile duct

A

Cholangitis

116
Q

inflammation of the vermiform (snakelike) appendix.

A

Appendicitis

117
Q

2 types of colitis

A

(1) amebic

2) ulcerative (psychosomatic disorder

118
Q

functions of pancreas

A
  1. break downs food

2. insulin – released into blood to control sugar levels.

119
Q

Genitourinary System inflammation

A 
Pyelitis
Pyelonephritis 
Glomerulonephritis  
Ureteritis 
Cystitis 
Urethritis 
Orchitis 
Prostatitis 
Oophoritis 
Salpingitis 
Endometritis 
Endocervicitis 
Vaginitis
120
Q

inflammation of the renal pelvis.

121
Q

inflammation of the structural and functional unit of the kidney caused by pyogenic pus forming bacteria.

A

Pyelonephritis

122
Q

inflammation of the little tufted capillaries (glomerulus) of the structural and functional unit of the kidneys.

A

Glomerulonephritis

123
Q

inflammation of the tube that urine between the kidney and urinary bladder conveys.

A

Ureteritis

124
Q

inflammation of the urinary bladder.

125
Q

inflammation of the single tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body.

A

Urethritis

126
Q

inflammation of one or both of the male gonads (testis).

127
Q

inflammation of the prostate gland.

A

Prostatitis

128
Q

inflammation of one or both of the ovaries (female sex gland).

A

Oophoritis

129
Q

inflammation of one or both of the fallopian tubes.

A

Salpingitis

130
Q

inflammation of the endometrium, the inner most or vascular layer of the uterus

A

Endometritis

131
Q

inflammation of the endocervic the inner most layer of the lower neck structure of the cervix.

A

Endocervicitis

132
Q

inflammation of the Vagina or birth canal.

133
Q

Cardiovascular System inflammation

A 
Pericarditis 
Myocarditis 
Endocarditis 
Arteritis  
Phlebitis .
Thrombophlebitis 
Cholangitis
134
Q

inflammation of the pericardium - the sack surrounding the heart. (Pericardium- sack surrounding the heart)

A

Pericarditis

135
Q

inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart. (Left ventricle has the greatest thickness of myocardium)

A

Myocarditis

136
Q

inflammation of the endocardium inner most layer of the heart. Layer of the heart in which heart valves are made. (Endocardium- innermost layer of the heart)

A

Endocarditis

137
Q

inflammation of the artery - Angiogram can cause arteritis.

138
Q

inflammation of the vein

139
Q

inflammation of the vein because of the presence of an attached blood clot during life. This clot is called a thrombus.

A

Thrombophlebitis

140
Q

inflammation of a vessel (passageway) through which bile flows (one or more of the bile ducts.)

A

Cholangitis

141
Q

Skin and Skeletomuscular System inflammation

A

Dermatitis
Bursitis
Osteomyelitis
Arthritis

142
Q

inflammation of the skin – Most common form is contact dermatitis ex: poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac.

A

Dermatitis

143
Q

inflammation of the bursa - the tiny sac filled with a lubricant for the joints. Bursa- tiny sac filled with a lubricant for the joints.

144
Q

inflammation of the spongy bone marrow

A

Osteomyelitis

145
Q

inflammation of the joints

146
Q

Lymphatic System inflammation

A

Tonsilitis

Lymphangitis

147
Q

inflammation of the one or more of the three sets of tonsils. Tissue between the mouth and throat.

A

Tonsilitis

148
Q

inflammation of the lymph vessel.

A

Lymphangitis

Comps Sciences (29 decks)

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