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UROGENITAL > [PATHO] URINARY BLADDER DISEASES > Flashcards

[PATHO] URINARY BLADDER DISEASES Flashcards

1
Q

defective anterior bladder & abdominal wall
exposed posterior vesical wall

A

ectopic vesica

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2
Q

ectopic vesica can be associated w/

A

epispadias
split clitoris

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3
Q

ectopic vesica complicated by (3)

A

1-UTI
2-squamous/glandular metaplasia
3-carcinoma

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4
Q

fistulous tract from bladder to umbilicus

A

patent urachus

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5
Q

valvles in posterior urethra can lead to

A

obstruction

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6
Q

pouch-like complete envagination of all layers of wall of bladder

A

congenital diverticulum

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7
Q

pouch-like complete mucosal envagination

A

acquired diverticulum

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8
Q

acquired diverticulum caused by

A

persistent urethral obstruction by benign prostatic hyperplasia

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9
Q

bladder diverticulum can lead to (3)

A

1-urinary stasis
2-recurrent infections
3-stone formation

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10
Q

MC causative agent of cystitis

A

E.coli

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11
Q

frequent micturition
dysuria
pyuria
suprapubic pain

A

acute cystitis

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12
Q

predisposing factors of cystitis

A

1-bilharaziasis
2-trauma: stones, catheters
3-urine stasis
4-inflammation of nearby organs
5-congenital
6-diabetes

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13
Q

frequent micturtion
dysuria
pyuria
suprapubic pain

A

acute cystitis

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14
Q

gross picture of acute cystitis

A

bladder wall:
thickened
congested
edematous
red
Hg, necrosis, ulceration

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15
Q

gross picture of chronic non-specific cystitis

A

thickened congested wall
fibrosis
granular mucosa
reduced lumen

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16
Q

female
persistent
painful
non specific inflammation
extends to muscle layer
ends in transmural fibrosis

A

interstitial chronic non specific cystitis

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17
Q

polyploid projections of bladder
due to submucosal edema

A

polyploid chronic non specific cystitis

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18
Q

rare cystitis
immunodeficient patient
multiple nodular yellow plaques in mucosa of trigone

A

malakoplakia

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19
Q

microscopic picture of chronic non specific cystitis

A

subepithelial tissue contains:
1-chronic inflam cells
2-FB giant cells containing Michaelis-Gutman bodies
3-Brunn’s nests
4-cystitis cystica
5-cystitis glandularis
6-Leukoplakia

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20
Q

A) Michaelis–Gutman bodies?
B) seen in?

A

A) calcified bodies; end stage of bacteria degradation
B) chronic non specific cystitis

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21
Q

epithelial microscopic changes seen in chronic non specific cystitis

A

Brunn’s nests
cystitis cystica
cystitis glandularis

22
Q

Leukoplakia occurs due to

A

squamous metaplasia with keratinization

23
Q

types of chronic specific cystitis

A

Bilharzial
Tuberculous

24
Q

TB cystitis occurs 2ry to

A

Renal TB

25
Q

gross, microscopic picture of TB cystitis

A

tubercles in subepithelial tissue
overlying epithelium becomes ulcerated

26
Q

malignant bladder occur more in

A

males
40 years+

27
Q

Risk factors of malignant bladder tumors (6)

A

1-Schistosomiasis
2-Smoking
3-Stones
4-Cystitis
5-Congenital
6-Carcinogens (Aniline dyes)

28
Q

MC site of malignant epithelial neoplasms

A

trigone

29
Q

how are ureters affected in case of malignant epithelial neoplasms

A

partial/complete blockage of one or both ureters

30
Q

genetic predisposition in case of urothelial superficial carcinoma

A

mutation & activation of RAS oncogene & FGFR3 gene

31
Q

genetic predisposition in case of urothelial muscle invasive tumors

A

mutation & inactivation of TP53 & RB tumor suppressor genes

32
Q

precursor lesions of invasive urothelial carcinoma

A

1-non invasive papillary urothelial neoplasms
2-CIS

33
Q

non invasive papillary urothelial neoplasm cc

A

project into lumen
delicate papillary appearance

34
Q

grades of non invasive urothelial papillary neoplasm

A

1-papilloma
2-papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential
3-low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
4-high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma

35
Q

papilloma cc

A

papillae covered by normal urothelium

36
Q

papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential

A

-papillae covered by thickened urothelium> 7 layers
-no/minimal atypia

37
Q

low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma

A

-papillae covered by atypical urothelium
-low grade anaplasia

38
Q

high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma

A

-papillae covered by highly atypical urothelium
-frequent mitosis

39
Q

high grade malignant cells
multifocal
taking full thickness of urothelium
lamina propria: NO INVASION
progress to muscle-invasive cancer w/o treatment

A

CIS within flat urothelium

40
Q

papillary/ulcerative lesions
extends into underlying muscle layer
lamina propria: INVADED
associated w/ high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma
OR
due to CIS progression into invasive cancer

A

invasive urothelial carcinoma

41
Q

microscopic picture of invasive urothelial carcinoma

A

-high grade infiltrating papillary epi cells
-diffuse sheets of malignant transitional epi cells
-squamous/glandular differentiation

42
Q

gross picture of invasive urothelial carcinoma

A

papillary or solid ulcerative lesions

43
Q

prognosis of invasive urothelial carcinoma depends on

A

extent of invasion

44
Q

TTT of non-invasive or superficially invasive tumors

A

cystoscopic resection
BCG

45
Q

Cystectomy is done in case of

A

1-Muscle invasion
2-CIS not responding to BCG
3-high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma not responding to BCG
4-CIS extending to prostatic urethra

46
Q

associated w/ bilharziasis
large macroscopic bulky mass
well differentiated
keratinizing
squamous metapllasia

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

47
Q

cystadenocarcinoma arises from

A

1-urachal remnants in dome of bladder
2-cystitis glandularis

48
Q

total hematuria

A

blood from kidneys

49
Q

Terminal hematuria

A

blood from bladder

50
Q

Initial hematuria

A

blood from urethra

51
Q

causes of hematuria (8)

A

1-HTN
2-Bleeding tendencies
3-Leukemia
4-Congenital CPKD
5-Inflammations
6- Stones
7-Tumors
8- Prostatic nodular hyperplasia

UROGENITAL (22 decks)

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