Part C: Lecture 13

Question 1

Why is DNA replication and repair not 100% accurate? 2 reasons on the individual and species level

Answer 1

Individual: would consume too much time and ATP
species: mutations provide the diversity that natural selection acts on

Question 2

usefulness of gene mutations: evolution

Answer 2

1) Random mutations
2) Natural selection

Question 3

Pastoralism (def.)

Answer 3

raising animals for milk

Question 4

Every plant/animal used by humans has been ___

Answer 4

genetically modified

Question 5

usefulness of gene mutations: argiculture

Answer 5

1) Spontaneous mutations to create diversity
2) Artificial selection (done by people) for desired traits (increase) and undesired traits (decrease)

Question 6

corn example of artificial selection

Answer 6

-increase sugar
-increase more seeds
-seeds stick to cob

Question 7

tomatoes example of artificial selection

Answer 7

-larger
-sweeter
-more colourful

Question 8

Tomatoes are from____

Answer 8

south america

Question 9

tomatoes example of artificial selection

Answer 9

-larger
-sweeter
-more colorful

Question 10

dogs example of artificial selection

Answer 10

-decrease aggression
-increase skills

Question 11

horses example of artificial selection + uses

Answer 11

-larger horses (first chariots then riding)

Question 12

DNA differences between species used to create ____

Answer 12

phylogenetic trees

Question 13

DNA differences within species used for____

Answer 13

DNA fingerprinting

Question 14

Mutations in ___ help us understand biological processes

Answer 14

model organisms

Question 15

model organisms (def.)

Answer 15

organisms with some genetic similarity to humans that can be easily studied to determine biological processes

Question 16

Operon (def.)

Answer 16

dna region responsible for making an mRNA with more than one protein-coding region

Question 17

lac operon produces both ___ & ____

Answer 17

B-Gal and Transporter

Question 18

Geneticists usually obtain mutations through 3 methods?

Answer 18

-induced random mutations
-targeted mutations
-spont. random mutations

Question 19

Induced mutations steps for geneticists

Answer 19

1) expose many organisms to a mutagen to generate random mutations
2) isolate the rare offspring with desired mutant phenotype

Question 20

Targeted mutations replace ___

Answer 20

wildtype allele of known gene with mutant allele

Question 20

Targeted mutations steps for geneticists

Answer 20

1) done with Crispr to choose gene to target and what to allele to replace it with