Part 91 IR | Speed, IFR Procedures, Minimum Heights, Min Flight Alt/s, Fuel Requirements Flashcards
1) Unless otherwise authorised by the Director, no person shall, outside ______ airspace and below flight level ___, fly an aircraft at an indicated air speed of more than ___ knots.
(2) Unless otherwise authorised or required by an ATSU, no person shall fly an aircraft within a ____ zone or an aerodrome traffic zone at an indicated air speed of more than—
(a)
___ knots, in the case of a reciprocating-engine aircraft; or
(b)
____ knots, in the case of a turbine-powered aircraft:
Provided that if the minimum safe indicated air speed for a particular flight is greater than the maximum indicated air speed prescribed in this regulation, the aircraft may be flown at the minimum safe indicated air speed.
1) Unless otherwise authorised by the Director, no person shall, outside controlled airspace and below flight level 100, fly an aircraft at an indicated air speed of more than 250 knots.
(2) Unless otherwise authorised or required by an ATSU, no person shall fly an aircraft within a control zone or an aerodrome traffic zone at an indicated air speed of more than—
(a)
160 knots, in the case of a reciprocating-engine aircraft; or
(b)
200 knots, in the case of a turbine-powered aircraft:
Provided that if the minimum safe indicated air speed for a particular flight is greater than the maximum indicated air speed prescribed in this regulation, the aircraft may be flown at the minimum safe indicated air speed.
A flight conducted above flight level ___ shall be flown in compliance with IFR as prescribed in this Subpart.
A flight conducted above flight level 200 shall be flown in compliance with IFR as prescribed in this Subpart.
(1) Unless otherwise authorised by the responsible ATSU, aircraft flown in compliance with the rules contained in this Division, shall comply with IFR procedures applicable in the relevant airspace.
(2) Unless otherwise authorised by the appropriate ATS authority, or directed by the appropriate air traffic control unit, controlled flights shall, insofar as practicable—
(a)
when on an established ATS route, operate along the defined ________ of that route; or
(b)
when on any other route, operate ______ between the navigation facilities and/or points defining that route.
(3) An aircraft operating along an ATS route segment defined by reference to VHF omnidirectional radio ranges shall change over for its primary navigation guidance from the facility behind the aircraft to that ahead of it at, or as close as operationally feasible to, the ________ point, where established.
(4) Subject to the provisions of regulation 91.06.25, the PIC of an aircraft may execute, or endeavour to execute, a cloud-break or let-down procedure at an aerodrome or nominate an aerodrome as an alternate aerodrome: Provided that the requirements relating to cloud-break or let-down procedures and to flights under IMC, as published by the Director in the IAIP, can be complied with.
(1) Unless otherwise authorised by the responsible ATSU, aircraft flown in compliance with the rules contained in this Division, shall comply with IFR procedures applicable in the relevant airspace.
(2) Unless otherwise authorised by the appropriate ATS authority, or directed by the appropriate air traffic control unit, controlled flights shall, insofar as practicable—
(a)
when on an established ATS route, operate along the defined centre line of that route; or
(b)
when on any other route, operate directly between the navigation facilities and/or points defining that route.
(3) An aircraft operating along an ATS route segment defined by reference to VHF omnidirectional radio ranges shall change over for its primary navigation guidance from the facility behind the aircraft to that ahead of it at, or as close as operationally feasible to, the changeover point, where established.
(4) Subject to the provisions of regulation 91.06.25, the PIC of an aircraft may execute, or endeavour to execute, a cloud-break or let-down procedure at an aerodrome or nominate an aerodrome as an alternate aerodrome: Provided that the requirements relating to cloud-break or let-down procedures and to flights under IMC, as published by the Director in the IAIP, can be complied with.
Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or with the express permission of the Director, an aircraft shall at night, in IMC or when operated in accordance with IFR, be flown—
(a)
at a height of at least _____ ft above the highest terrain or obstacle where the height of such terrain or obstacle does not exceed _ 000 ft above sea level within _ NM of the aircraft in flight; or
(b)
at a height of at least _ 000 ft above the highest terrain or obstacle located within _ NM of the aircraft in flight where the height of such terrain or obstacle exceeds _ 000 ft above sea level: Provided that within areas determined by the Director the minimum height may be reduced to 1 000 ft above the highest terrain or obstacle located within 5 NM of the aircraft in flight, and the aircraft is flown in accordance with such procedures as the Director may determine.
Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or with the express permission of the Director, an aircraft shall at night, in IMC or when operated in accordance with IFR, be flown—
(a)
at a height of at least 1 000 ft above the highest terrain or obstacle where the height of such terrain or obstacle does not exceed 5 000 ft above sea level within 5 NM of the aircraft in flight; or
(b)
at a height of at least 2 000 ft above the highest terrain or obstacle located within 5 NM of the aircraft in flight where the height of such terrain or obstacle exceeds 5 000 ft above sea level: Provided that within areas determined by the Director the minimum height may be reduced to 1 000 ft above the highest terrain or obstacle located within 5 NM of the aircraft in flight, and the aircraft is flown in accordance with such procedures as the Director may determine.
1) No pilot shall operate an aircraft at altitudes below—
(a)
altitudes, established by the owner or operator, which provide the required _____ clearance, taking into account the operating limitations referred to in Subpart 8; and
(b)
the minimum altitudes referred to in Subpart 6;
except when necessary for take-off and landing.
(2) The method of establishing minimum flight altitudes referred to in subregulation (1) (a) is prescribed in Document SA-CATS 91.
(3) Where the minimum flight altitudes established by the appropriate authority of a foreign State are higher than the minimum flight altitudes prescribed in this regulation, the minimum flight altitudes established by such appropriate authority shall apply in respect of a South African registered aircraft flying in the airspace of the foreign State concerned.
1) No pilot shall operate an aircraft at altitudes below—
(a)
altitudes, established by the owner or operator, which provide the required terrain clearance, taking into account the operating limitations referred to in Subpart 8; and
(b)
the minimum altitudes referred to in Subpart 6;
except when necessary for take-off and landing.
(2) The method of establishing minimum flight altitudes referred to in subregulation (1) (a) is prescribed in Document SA-CATS 91.
(3) Where the minimum flight altitudes established by the appropriate authority of a foreign State are higher than the minimum flight altitudes prescribed in this regulation, the minimum flight altitudes established by such appropriate authority shall apply in respect of a South African registered aircraft flying in the airspace of the foreign State concerned.
91.07.3
(1) No pilot shall use, and no owner or operator shall authorise the use of, an aerodrome as a ________ or _______ destination aerodrome, unless such aerodrome is adequate for the type of aircraft and operation concerned.
(2) Except in an emergency, no pilot of an aircraft shall take-off or land by night, unless the place of take-off or landing is equipped with ____ flying facilities.
(1) No pilot shall use, and no owner or operator shall authorise the use of, an aerodrome as a destination or alternate destination aerodrome, unless such aerodrome is adequate for the type of aircraft and operation concerned.
(2) Except in an emergency, no pilot of an aircraft shall take-off or land by night, unless the place of take-off or landing is equipped with night flying facilities.
Fuel and Oil Requirements:
(2) The pilot-in-command shall ensure that the amount of useable fuel to be carried shall, as a minimum, be based on—
(a)
the following data—
(i)
current aircraft-specific data derived from a ___ _______ monitoring system, if available; or
(ii)
if current aircraft-specific data is not available, data provided by the aeroplane _________; and
(b)
the operator conditions for the planned flight including—
(i)
anticipated aeroplane ___;
(ii)
______ to _____;
(iii)
current ___________ reports or a combination of current reports and ______;
(iv)
___ procedures, restrictions and anticipated _____; and
(v)
the effects of deferred maintenance items and/or configuration deviati
(2) The pilot-in-command shall ensure that the amount of useable fuel to be carried shall, as a minimum, be based on—
(a)
the following data—
(i)
current aircraft-specific data derived from a fuel consumption monitoring system, if available; or
(ii)
if current aircraft-specific data is not available, data provided by the aeroplane manufacturer; and
(b)
the operator conditions for the planned flight including—
(i)
anticipated aeroplane mass;
(ii)
notices to Airmen;
(iii)
current meteorological reports or a combination of current reports and forecasts;
(iv)
air traffic services procedures, restrictions and anticipated delays; and
(v)
the effects of deferred maintenance items and/or configuration deviati
Fuel and Oil Requirements:
(3) The pre-flight calculation of usable fuel required shall include—
(a)
___ fuel, which shall be the amount of fuel expected to be consumed _____ take-off; taking into account local conditions at the departure aerodrome and ___ fuel consumption;
(b)
___ fuel, Which shall be the amount of fuel required to enable the aeroplane to fly from _____ or the point of in-flight re-planning until landing at the destination aerodrome taking into account the operating conditions of paragraph (b) of sub-regulation 91.07.12 (2);
(c)
_________ fuel, which shall be the amount of fuel required to _________ for ________ factors. It shall be _ per cent of the planned __ fuel or of the fuel required from the point of in-flight re-planning based on the consumption rate used to plan the trip fuel but in any case shall, in the case of aeroplanes, shall not be ____ than the amount required to fly for _ minutes at ______ speed at _____ ft above the destination aerodrome in ________ conditions;
Note.—Unforeseen factors are those factors that could have an influence on the fuel consumption to the destination aerodrome, such as deviations of an individual aeroplane from the expected fuel consumption data, deviations from forecast meteorological conditions, extended delays.
(d)
__________ alternate fuel, which shall be—
(i)
where a destination alternate aerodrome is _______, the amount of fuel required to enable the aeroplane to—
(aa)
perform a _____ approach at the destination aerodrome;
(bb)
____ to the expected _______ altitude;
(cc)
fly the expected _____;
(dd)
_______ to the point where expected _______ is initiated; and
(ee)
conduct the _______ and ______ at the destination alternate aerodrome; or
(ii)
where __ destination alternate aerodromes are required, the amount of fuel, as calculated in sub-regulation 91.07.12 (3), required to enable the aeroplane to proceed to the destination alternate aerodrome which requires the ______ amount of alternate ___; or
(iii)
where a flight is operated ______ a destination alternate aerodrome, the amount of fuel required to enable the aeroplane to fly for __ minutes at holding speed at _____ft above the destination aerodrome elevation in standard conditions; or
(iv)
Where the aerodrome of intended landing is an isolated aerodrome—
(aa)
for a reciprocating engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for __ minutes plus __ per cent of the flight time planned to be spent at cruising level, including final ______ fuel, or __ hours, whichever is ___; or
(bb)
for a turbine engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for __ hours at normal cruise consumption above the destination aerodrome, including final reserve fuel;
(e)
Final reserve fuel, which shall be the amount of fuel calculated using the estimated mass on ____ at the ________ alternate aerodrome or the ______ aerodrome, when no destination alternate aerodrome is required—
(i)
for a reciprocating engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for __ minutes, under speed and altitude conditions specified by the Director;
(ii)
for a turbine engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for __ minutes at holding speed at _____ ft above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions;
(f)
________ fuel, which shall be the supplementary amount of fuel required if the minimum fuel calculated in accordance with sub-regulations 91.07.12 (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) is not sufficient to—
(i)
allow the aeroplane to descend as necessary and proceed to an alternate aerodrome in the event of engine failure or loss of pressurisation, whichever requires the greater amount of fuel based on the assumption that such a failure occurs at the most critical point along the route;
(aa)
fly for __ minutes at holding speed at ______ ft above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions; and
(bb)
Make an approach and landing;
(ii)
allow an aeroplane engaged in EDTO to comply with the EDTO critical fuel scenario as established by the Director.
(iii)
meet additional requirements not covered above;
(g)
___________ fuel, which shall be the extra amount of fuel to be carried at the discretion of the pilot-in-command.
(3) The pre-flight calculation of usable fuel required shall include—
(a)
Taxi fuel, which shall be the amount of fuel expected to be consumed before take-off; taking into account local conditions at the departure aerodrome and auxiliary power unit (APU) fuel consumption;
(b)
Trip fuel, Which shall be the amount of fuel required to enable the aeroplane to fly from take-off or the point of in-flight re-planning until landing at the destination aerodrome taking into account the operating conditions of paragraph (b) of sub-regulation 91.07.12 (2);
(c)
Contingency fuel, which shall be the amount of fuel required to compensate for unforeseen factors. It shall be 5 per cent of the planned trip fuel or of the fuel required from the point of in-flight re-planning based on the consumption rate used to plan the trip fuel but in any case shall, in the case of aeroplanes, shall not be lower than the amount required to fly for 5 minutes at holding speed at 1 500 ft above the destination aerodrome in standard conditions;
Note.—Unforeseen factors are those factors that could have an influence on the fuel consumption to the destination aerodrome, such as deviations of an individual aeroplane from the expected fuel consumption data, deviations from forecast meteorological conditions, extended delays.
(d)
Destination alternate fuel, which shall be—
(i)
where a destination alternate aerodrome is required, the amount of fuel required to enable the aeroplane to—
(aa)
perform a missed approach at the destination aerodrome;
(bb)
climb to the expected cruising altitude;
(cc)
fly the expected routing;
(dd)
descend to the point where expected approach is initiated; and
(ee)
conduct the approach and landing at the destination alternate aerodrome; or
(ii)
where two destination alternate aerodromes are required, the amount of fuel, as calculated in sub-regulation 91.07.12 (3), required to enable the aeroplane to proceed to the destination alternate aerodrome which requires the greater amount of alternate fuel; or
(iii)
where a flight is operated without a destination alternate aerodrome, the amount of fuel required to enable the aeroplane to fly for 15 minutes at holding speed at 1 500 ft above the destination aerodrome elevation in standard conditions; or
(iv)
Where the aerodrome of intended landing is an isolated aerodrome—
(aa)
for a reciprocating engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for 45 minutes plus 15 per cent of the flight time planned to be spent at cruising level, including final reserve fuel, or two hours, whichever is less; or
(bb)
for a turbine engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for two hours at normal cruise consumption above the destination aerodrome, including final reserve fuel;
(e)
Final reserve fuel, which shall be the amount of fuel calculated using the estimated mass on arrival at the destination alternate aerodrome or the destination aerodrome, when no destination alternate aerodrome is required—
(i)
for a reciprocating engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for 45 minutes, under speed and altitude conditions specified by the Director;
(ii)
for a turbine engine aeroplane, the amount of fuel required to fly for 30 minutes at holding speed at 1 500 ft above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions;
(f)
Additional fuel, which shall be the supplementary amount of fuel required if the minimum fuel calculated in accordance with sub-regulations 91.07.12 (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) is not sufficient to—
(i)
allow the aeroplane to descend as necessary and proceed to an alternate aerodrome in the event of engine failure or loss of pressurisation, whichever requires the greater amount of fuel based on the assumption that such a failure occurs at the most critical point along the route;
(aa)
fly for 15 minutes at holding speed at 1 500 ft above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions; and
(bb)
Make an approach and landing;
(ii)
allow an aeroplane engaged in EDTO to comply with the EDTO critical fuel scenario as established by the Director.
(iii)
meet additional requirements not covered above;
(g)
Discretionary fuel, which shall be the extra amount of fuel to be carried at the discretion of the pilot-in-command.
Explain all the categories of “required” fuel(7):
- Taxi fuel
- Trip fuel
- Contingency fuel
- Destination Alternate fuel - if destination alternate is required
- Final reserve fuel
- Additional fuel
- Discretionary fuel
(7) The pilot-in-command shall request ____ information from ___ when unanticipated circumstances may result in landing at the destination aerodrome with less than the ___ reserve fuel plus any fuel required to proceed to an alternate aerodrome or the fuel required to operate to an isolated aerodrome.
(7) The pilot-in-command shall request delay information from ATC when unanticipated circumstances may result in landing at the destination aerodrome with less than the final reserve fuel plus any fuel required to proceed to an alternate aerodrome or the fuel required to operate to an isolated aerodrome.
(8) The pilot-in-command shall advise ATC of a minimum fuel state by declaring ______ ___ when, having committed to land at a specific aerodrome, the pilot calculates that any change to the existing clearance to that aerodrome may result in landing with ___ than planned ___ ______ fuel.
(8) The pilot-in-command shall advise ATC of a minimum fuel state by declaring MINIMUM FUEL when, having committed to land at a specific aerodrome, the pilot calculates that any change to the existing clearance to that aerodrome may result in landing with less than planned final reserve fuel.
Note: This is not an emergency declaration, but an indication that an emergency situation is possible.
(9) The pilot-in-command shall declare a situation of fuel emergency by broadcasting ______ ______ ______ ____, when the calculated usable fuel predicted to be available upon landing at the nearest aerodrome where a safe landing can be made is less than the planned final reserve fuel.
(9) The pilot-in-command shall declare a situation of fuel emergency by broadcasting MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY FUEL, when the calculated usable fuel predicted to be available upon landing at the nearest aerodrome where a safe landing can be made is less than the planned final reserve fuel.
