ICAO ANNEX 14 - Aerodromes | IR Part 3 Flashcards
A runway lead-in lighting system should be provided where it is desired to provide visual guidance along a specific approach path, for reasons such as avoiding hazardous terrain or for purposes of noise abatement.
A runway lead-in lighting system should consist of groups of lights positioned so as to define the desired approach path and so that one group may be sighted from the preceding group. The interval between adjacent groups should not exceed approximately _____ m.
Note.— Runway lead-in lighting systems may be curved, straight or a combination thereof
Each group of lights of a runway lead-in lighting system should consist of at least ____ flashing lights in a linear or cluster configuration. The system may be augmented by steady burning lights where such lights would assist in identifying the system.
Where practicable, the flashing lights in each group should flash in sequence ______ the runway.
A runway lead-in lighting system should be provided where it is desired to provide visual guidance along a specific approach path, for reasons such as avoiding hazardous terrain or for purposes of noise abatement.
A runway lead-in lighting system should consist of groups of lights positioned so as to define the desired approach path and so that one group may be sighted from the preceding group. The interval between adjacent groups should not exceed approximately _____ m.
Note.— Runway lead-in lighting systems may be curved, straight or a combination thereof
Each group of lights of a runway lead-in lighting system should consist of at least three flashing lights in a linear or cluster configuration. The system may be augmented by steady burning lights where such lights would assist in identifying the system.
Where practicable, the flashing lights in each group should flash in sequence towards
the runway.
5.3.8.1 Recommendation.— Runway threshold identification lights should be installed:
a) at the threshold of a non-precision approach runway when additional threshold conspicuity is necessary or where it
is not practicable to provide other approach lighting aids; and
b) where a runway threshold is __________ _______ from the runway extremity or _________ displaced from the normal position and additional threshold conspicuity is necessary.
5.3.8.2 Runway threshold identification lights shall be located symmetrically about the runway centre line, in line with the threshold and approximately __ m outside each line of runway edge lights.
Recommendation.— Runway threshold identification lights should be flashing white lights with a flash frequency between __ and ___ per minute.
5.3.8.4 The lights shall be visible only in the direction of approach to the runway.
5.3.8.1 Recommendation.— Runway threshold identification lights should be installed:
a) at the threshold of a non-precision approach runway when additional threshold conspicuity is necessary or where it
is not practicable to provide other approach lighting aids; and
b) where a runway threshold is permanently displaced from the runway extremity or temporarily displaced from the normal position and additional threshold conspicuity is necessary.
5.3.8.2 Runway threshold identification lights shall be located symmetrically about the runway centre line, in line with the threshold and approximately 10 m outside each line of runway edge lights.
Recommendation.— Runway threshold identification lights should be flashing white lights with a flash frequency between 60 and 120 per minute.
5.3.8.4 The lights shall be visible only in the direction of approach to the runway.
- 3.9.1 Runway edge lights shall be provided for a runway intended for use at night or for a precision approach runway intended for use by day or night.
- 3.9.2 Recommendation.— Runway edge lights should be provided on a runway intended for take-off with an operating minimum below an RVR of the order of ___ m by __.
- 3.9.4 Runway edge lights shall be placed along the edges of the area declared for use as the runway or outside the edges of the area at a distance of not more than _ m.
- 3.9.6 The lights shall be uniformly spaced in rows at intervals of not more than __ m for an instrument runway, and at intervals of not more than ___ m for a non-instrument runway. The lights on opposite sides of the runway axis shall be on lines at right angles to that axis. At intersections of runways, lights may be spaced irregularly or omitted, provided that adequate guidance remains available to the pilot.
- 3.9.7 Runway edge lights shall be fixed lights showing ______ ____, except that:
a) in the case of a displaced threshold, the lights between the beginning of the runway and the displaced threshold shall show __ in the approach direction; and
b) a section of the lights 600 m or one-third of the runway length, whichever is the ___, at the remote end of the runway from the end at which the take-off run is started, may show _____.
- 3.9.1 Runway edge lights shall be provided for a runway intended for use at night or for a precision approach runway intended for use by day or night.
- 3.9.2 Recommendation.— Runway edge lights should be provided on a runway intended for take-off with an operating minimum below an RVR of the order of 800 m by day.
- 3.9.4 Runway edge lights shall be placed along the edges of the area declared for use as the runway or outside the edges of the area at a distance of not more than 3 m.
- 3.9.6 The lights shall be uniformly spaced in rows at intervals of not more than 60 m for an instrument runway, and at intervals of not more than 100 m for a non-instrument runway. The lights on opposite sides of the runway axis shall be on lines at right angles to that axis. At intersections of runways, lights may be spaced irregularly or omitted, provided that adequate guidance remains available to the pilot.
- 3.9.7 Runway edge lights shall be fixed lights showing variable white, except that:
a) in the case of a displaced threshold, the lights between the beginning of the runway and the displaced threshold shall show red in the approach direction; and
b) a section of the lights 600 m or one-third of the runway length, whichever is the less, at the remote end of the runway from the end at which the take-off run is started, may show yellow.
- 3.10.1 Runway threshold lights shall be provided for a runway equipped with runway ____ lights, except on a non- instrument or non-precision approach runway where the threshold is ________ and wing bar lights are provided.
- 3.10.4 Threshold lighting shall consist of:
a) on a non-instrument or non-precision approach runway, at least __ lights;
b) on a precision approach runway category I, at least the number of lights that would be required if the lights were uniformly spaced at intervals of _ m between the rows of runway edge lights; and
c) on a precision approach runway category II or III, lights uniformly spaced between the rows of runway edge lights at intervals of not more than _ m.
5. 3.10.5 Recommendation.— The lights prescribed in 5.3.10.4 a) and b) should be either:
a) equally spaced between the rows of runway edge lights; or
b) symmetrically disposed about the runway centre line in two groups, with the lights uniformly spaced in each group and with a gap between the groups equal to the gauge of the touchdown zone marking or lighting, where such is provided, or otherwise not more than half the distance between the rows of runway edge lights.
Application of wing bar lights:
- 3.10.6 Recommendation.— Wing bar lights should be provided on a _______ approach runway when additional conspicuity is considered desirable.
- 3.10.7 Wing bar lights shall be provided on a non-instrument or non-precision approach runway where the threshold is _______ and runway threshold lights are _______, but are not ______.
Location of wing bar lights:
- 3.10.8 Wing bar lights shall be symmetrically disposed about the runway centre line at the threshold in two groups, i.e. wing bars. Each wing bar shall be formed by at least five lights extending at least __ m outward from, and at right angles to, the line of the runway edge lights, with the innermost light of each wing bar in the line of the runway edge lights.
- 3.10.9 Runway threshold and wing bar lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing ____ in the direction of approach to the runway. The intensity and beam spread of the lights shall be adequate for the conditions of visibility and ambient light in which use of the runway is intended.
5.3.10.1 Runway threshold lights shall be provided for a runway equipped with runway edge lights, except on a non- instrument or non-precision approach runway where the threshold is displaced and wing bar lights are provided.
- 3.10.4 Threshold lighting shall consist of:
a) on a non-instrument or non-precision approach runway, at least six lights;
b) on a precision approach runway category I, at least the number of lights that would be required if the lights were uniformly spaced at intervals of 3 m between the rows of runway edge lights; and
c) on a precision approach runway category II or III, lights uniformly spaced between the rows of runway edge lights at intervals of not more than 3 m. - 3.10.5 Recommendation.— The lights prescribed in 5.3.10.4 a) and b) should be either:
a) equally spaced between the rows of runway edge lights; or
b) symmetrically disposed about the runway centre line in two groups, with the lights uniformly spaced in each group and with a gap between the groups equal to the gauge of the touchdown zone marking or lighting, where such is provided, or otherwise not more than half the distance between the rows of runway edge lights.
Application of wing bar lights
5.3.10.6 Recommendation.— Wing bar lights should be provided on a precision approach runway when additional conspicuity is considered desirable.
5.3.10.7 Wing bar lights shall be provided on a non-instrument or non-precision approach runway where the threshold is displaced and runway threshold lights are required, but are not provided.
Location of wing bar lights
5.3.10.8 Wing bar lights shall be symmetrically disposed about the runway centre line at the threshold in two groups, i.e. wing bars. Each wing bar shall be formed by at least five lights extending at least 10 m outward from, and at right angles to, the line of the runway edge lights, with the innermost light of each wing bar in the line of the runway edge lights.
5.3.11.1 Runway end lights shall be provided for a runway equipped with runway ____ lights.
Note.— When the threshold is at the runway extremity, fittings serving as threshold lights may be used as runway end lights.
- 3.11.2 Runway end lights shall be placed on a line at right angles to the runway axis as near to the end of the runway as possible and, in any case, not more than _ m outside the end.
- 3.11.4 Runway end lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing red in the direction of the runway. The intensity and beam spread of the lights shall be adequate for the conditions of visibility and ambient light in which use of the runway is intended.
5.3.11.1 Runway end lights shall be provided for a runway equipped with runway edge lights.
Note.— When the threshold is at the runway extremity, fittings serving as threshold lights may be used as runway end lights.
- 3.11.2 Runway end lights shall be placed on a line at right angles to the runway axis as near to the end of the runway as possible and, in any case, not more than 6 m outside the end.
- 3.11.4 Runway end lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing red in the direction of the runway. The intensity and beam spread of the lights shall be adequate for the conditions of visibility and ambient light in which use of the runway is intended.
5.3.12.1 Runway centre line lights shall be provided on a precision approach runway category _ or __.
Recommendation.— Runway centre line lights should be provided on a precision approach runway category _, particularly when the runway is used by aircraft with high landing speeds or where the width between the runway edge lights is greater than __ m.
Runway centre line lights shall be provided on a runway intended to be used for take-off with an operating minimum below an RVR of the order of ___ m.
Recommendation.— Runway centre line lights should be provided on a runway intended to be used for take- off with an operating minimum of an RVR of the order of 400 m or higher when used by aeroplanes with a very high take-off speed, particularly where the width between the runway edge lights is greater than __ m.
Recommendation.— Centre line guidance for take-off from the beginning of a runway to a displaced threshold should be provided by:
a) an ________ lighting system if its characteristics and intensity settings afford the guidance required during take-off and it does not dazzle the pilot of an aircraft taking off; or
b) runway centre line lights; or
c) _______ of at least _ m in length and spaced at uniform intervals of __ m, as shown in Figure 5-23, designed so that their photometric characteristics and intensity setting afford the guidance required during take-off without dazzling the pilot of an aircraft taking off.
Note: Where necessary, provision should be made to extinguish those centre line lights specified in b) or reset the intensity of the approach lighting system or barrettes when the runway is being used for landing. In no case should only the single source runway centre line lights show from the beginning of the runway to a displaced threshold when the runway is being used for landing.
5.3.12.7 Runway centre line lights shall be fixed lights showing variable ____ from the threshold to the point ___ m from the runway end; alternate ___ and variable ____ from ___ m to ___ m from the runway end; and __ from ___ m to the runway end, except that for runways less than _____ m in length, the alternate red and variable white lights shall extend from the midpoint of the runway usable for landing to ___ m from the runway end.
5.3.12.1 Runway centre line lights shall be provided on a precision approach runway category II or III.
Recommendation.— Runway centre line lights should be provided on a precision approach runway category I, particularly when the runway is used by aircraft with high landing speeds or where the width between the runway edge lights is greater than 50 m.
Runway centre line lights shall be provided on a runway intended to be used for take-off with an operating minimum below an RVR of the order of 400 m.
Recommendation.— Runway centre line lights should be provided on a runway intended to be used for take- off with an operating minimum of an RVR of the order of 400 m or higher when used by aeroplanes with a very high take-off speed, particularly where the width between the runway edge lights is greater than 50 m.
Recommendation.— Centre line guidance for take-off from the beginning of a runway to a displaced threshold should be provided by:
a) an approach lighting system if its characteristics and intensity settings afford the guidance required during take-off and it does not dazzle the pilot of an aircraft taking off; or
b) runway centre line lights; or
c) barrettes of at least 3 m in length and spaced at uniform intervals of 30 m, as shown in Figure 5-23, designed so that their photometric characteristics and intensity setting afford the guidance required during take-off without dazzling the pilot of an aircraft taking off.
5.3.12.7 Runway centre line lights shall be fixed lights showing variable white from the threshold to the point 900 m from the runway end; alternate red and variable white from 900 m to 300 m from the runway end; and red from 300 m to the runway end, except that for runways less than 1 800 m in length, the alternate red and variable white lights shall extend from the midpoint of the runway usable for landing to 300 m from the runway end.
5.3.13.1 Touchdown zone (TDZ) lights shall be provided in the touchdown zone of a precision approach runway category II or III.
Characteristics
A barrette shall be composed of at least three lights with a spacing between the lights of not more than 1.5 m.
Recommendation.— A barrette should be not less than 3 m nor more than 4.5 m in length.
Touchdown zone lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing variable ____.
Touchdown zone lights shall be in accordance with the specifications of Appendix 2, Figure A2-5.
5.3.13.1 Touchdown zone (TDZ) lights shall be provided in the touchdown zone of a precision approach runway category II or III.
Characteristics
A barrette shall be composed of at least three lights with a spacing between the lights of not more than 1.5 m.
Recommendation.— A barrette should be not less than 3 m nor more than 4.5 m in length. Touchdown zone lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing variable white.
Touchdown zone lights shall be in accordance with the specifications of Appendix 2, Figure A2-5.
Note.— The purpose of simple touchdown zone lights is to provide pilots with enhanced situational awareness in all visibility conditions and to help enable pilots to decide whether to commence a go-around if the aircraft has not landed by a certain point on the runway. It is essential that pilots operating at aerodromes with simple touchdown zone lights be familiar with the purpose of these lights.
Recommendation.— Except where TDZ lights are provided in accordance with paragraph 5.3.13, at an aerodrome where the approach angle is greater than 3.5 degrees and/or the Landing Distance Available combined with other factors increases the risk of an overrun, simple touchdown zone lights should be provided.
5.3.14.4 Simple touchdown zone lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing variable ____, aligned so as to be visible to the pilot of a landing aeroplane in the direction of approach to the runway.
5.3.14.5 Simple touchdown zone lights shall be in accordance with the specifications in Appendix 2, Figure A2-5.
Note.— As a good operating practice, simple touchdown zone lights are supplied with power on a separate circuit to other runway lighting so that they may be used when other lighting is switched off.
Note.— The purpose of simple touchdown zone lights is to provide pilots with enhanced situational awareness in all visibility conditions and to help enable pilots to decide whether to commence a go-around if the aircraft has not landed by a certain point on the runway. It is essential that pilots operating at aerodromes with simple touchdown zone lights be familiar with the purpose of these lights.
Recommendation.— Except where TDZ lights are provided in accordance with paragraph 5.3.13, at an aerodrome where the approach angle is greater than 3.5 degrees and/or the Landing Distance Available combined with other factors increases the risk of an overrun, simple touchdown zone lights should be provided.
5.3.14.4 Simple touchdown zone lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing variable white, aligned so as to be visible to the pilot of a landing aeroplane in the direction of approach to the runway.
5.3.14.5 Simple touchdown zone lights shall be in accordance with the specifications in Appendix 2, Figure A2-5.
Note.— As a good operating practice, simple touchdown zone lights are supplied with power on a separate circuit to other runway lighting so that they may be used when other lighting is switched off.
- 3.16.2 Stopway lights shall be placed along the full length of the stopway and shall be in two parallel rows that are equidistant from the centre line and coincident with the rows of the runway edge lights. Stopway lights shall also be provided across the end of a stopway on a line at right angles to the stopway axis as near to the end of the stopway as possible and, in any case, not more than _ m outside the end.
- 3.16.3 Stopway lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing __ in the direction of the runway.
- 3.16.2 Stopway lights shall be placed along the full length of the stopway and shall be in two parallel rows that are equidistant from the centre line and coincident with the rows of the runway edge lights. Stopway lights shall also be provided across the end of a stopway on a line at right angles to the stopway axis as near to the end of the stopway as possible and, in any case, not more than 3 m outside the end.
- 3.16.3 Stopway lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing red in the direction of the runway.
- 3.16.2 Stopway lights shall be placed along the full length of the stopway and shall be in two parallel rows that are equidistant from the centre line and coincident with the rows of the runway edge lights. Stopway lights shall also be provided across the end of a stopway on a line at right angles to the stopway axis as near to the end of the stopway as possible and, in any case, not more than _ m outside the end.
- 3.16.3 Stopway lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing __ in the direction of the runway.
- 3.16.2 Stopway lights shall be placed along the full length of the stopway and shall be in two parallel rows that are equidistant from the centre line and coincident with the rows of the runway edge lights. Stopway lights shall also be provided across the end of a stopway on a line at right angles to the stopway axis as near to the end of the stopway as possible and, in any case, not more than 3 m outside the end.
- 3.16.3 Stopway lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing red in the direction of the runway.
5.3.17.1 Taxiway centre line lights shall be provided on an exit taxiway, taxiway, de-icing/anti-icing facility and apron intended for use in runway visual range conditions less than a value of ___ m in such a manner as to provide continuous guidance between the runway centre line and aircraft stands, except that these lights need not be provided where the traffic density is ___ and taxiway edge lights and centre line marking provide adequate guidance.
5.3.17.2 Recommendation.— Taxiway centre line lights should be provided on a taxiway intended for use at night in runway visual range conditions of 350 m or greater, and particularly on complex taxiway intersections and exit taxiways, except that these lights need not be provided where the traffic density is light and taxiway edge lights and centre line marking provide adequate guidance.
Note.— Where there may be a need to delineate the edges of a taxiway, e.g. on a rapid exit taxiway, narrow taxiway or in snow conditions, this may be done with taxiway edge lights or markers.
- 3.17.6 Except as provided for in 5.3.17.8, taxiway centre line lights on a taxiway other than an exit taxiway and on a runway forming part of a standard taxi-route shall be fixed lights showing ____ with beam dimensions such that the light is visible only from aeroplanes on or in the vicinity of the _____.
- 3.17.7 Taxiway centre line lights on an exit taxiway shall be fixed lights. Alternate taxiway centre line lights shall show ____ and ____ from their beginning near the runway centre line to the perimeter of the ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area or the lower edge of the inner transitional surface, whichever is farthest from the runway; and thereafter all lights shall show green (Figure 5-26). The first light in the exit centre line shall always show green, and the light nearest to the perimeter shall always show ____.
- 3.17.1 Taxiway centre line lights shall be provided on an exit taxiway, taxiway, de-icing/anti-icing facility and apron intended for use in runway visual range conditions less than a value of 350 m in such a manner as to provide continuous guidance between the runway centre line and aircraft stands, except that these lights need not be provided where the traffic density is light and taxiway edge lights and centre line marking provide adequate guidance.
- 3.17.6 Except as provided for in 5.3.17.8, taxiway centre line lights on a taxiway other than an exit taxiway and on a runway forming part of a standard taxi-route shall be fixed lights showing green with beam dimensions such that the light is visible only from aeroplanes on or in the vicinity of the taxiway.
- 3.17.7 Taxiway centre line lights on an exit taxiway shall be fixed lights. Alternate taxiway centre line lights shall show green and yellow from their beginning near the runway centre line to the perimeter of the ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area or the lower edge of the inner transitional surface, whichever is farthest from the runway; and thereafter all lights shall show green (Figure 5-26). The first light in the exit centre line shall always show green, and the light nearest to the perimeter shall always show yellow.
To summarise (light colour):
Taxiway edge lights are -
Taxiway exit lights are -
Taxiway centre-line lights are -
Taxiway edge lights are - Blue
Taxiway exit lights are - Green and yellow
Taxiway centre-line lights are - Green
To summarise (light colour):
Taxiway edge lights are -
Taxiway exit lights are -
Taxiway centre-line lights are -
Taxiway edge lights are - Blue
Taxiway exit lights are - Green and yellow
Taxiway centre-line lights are - Green
5.3.20.6 Stop bars shall consist of lights spaced at uniform intervals of no more than 3 m across the taxiway, showing __ in the intended direction(s) of approach to the intersection or runway-holding position.
5.3.20.6 Stop bars shall consist of lights spaced at uniform intervals of no more than 3 m across the taxiway, showing red in the intended direction(s) of approach to the intersection or runway-holding position.
Full facilities:
Runway ______, ___m or more of hi/mi approach lights, runway ____ lights, ________ lights and runway ___ lights. Lights must be on.
Intermediate facilities:
Runway ______, ___ - ___m of hi/mi approach lights, runway ___ lights, _______ lights and runway ___ lights. Lights must be on.
Basic facilities:
Runway _______, less than ___m of hi/mi approach lights, any length of LI approach lights, runway ___ lights, ________ lights and runway ___ lights. Lights must be on.
Nil Facilites:
Runway ______, Runway ____ lights, _______ lights, runway __ lights or no lights at all.
Full facilities:
Runway markings, 720m or more of hi/mi approach lights, runway edge lights, threshold lights and runway end lights. Lights must be on.
Intermediate facilities:
Runway markings, 420 - 719m of hi/mi approach lights, runway edge lights, threshold lights and runway end lights. Lights must be on.
Basic facilities:
Runway markings, less than 420m of hi/mi approach lights, any length of LI approach lights, runway edge lights, threshold lights and runway end lights. Lights must be on.
Nil Facilites:
Runway markings, Runway edge lights, threshold lights, runway end lights or no lights at all.
