Parasitology Flashcards
Pt presents:
Bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea (often seen in campers/hikers)
- Organsim
- Transmission
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Organsim: ** Giardia lamblia**
- Transmission: cysts in water
- Diagnosis: Trophozoites or cysts in stool
- Treatment: Metronidazole
Pt presents:
Bloody diarrhea (dysentery), liver abscess (anchovy paste exudate), RUQ pain (histology shows flask shaped ulcer if submucosal abscess of colon ruptures)
- Organsim
- Transmission
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Organsim: ** Entamoeba histolytica**
- Transmission: cysts in water
- Diagnosis: serology and/or trophites (w/RBC in teh cytoplasm) or cyst (w/up to 4 nuclei) in stool
- Treatment:
- Metronidazole
- Iodoquinol (for asymptomatic cyst passers)
Pt presents:
Sever diarrhea in AIDS pt, Mild disease (watery diarrhea) in nonimmunocompromised.
- Organsim
- Transmission
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Organsim: Cryptosporidium
- Transmission: Oocytes in water
- Diagnosis: Oocytes on acid-fast stain
- Treatment:
- Prevention (filtering city’s water supply)
- Nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts
Pt presents:
Brani abscess in HIV (seen as ring-enhanced brain lesions on CT/MRI);
congenital toxoplasmosis= classic triad ‘HIC’
-hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications, chorioretinitis
- Organsim
- Transmission
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Organsim: Toxoplasma gondii
- Transmission: cysts in meat or oocysts in cat feces; cross placenta (pregnant women should avoid cats)
- Diagnosis: Serology, biopsy (tachyzoite)
- Treatment: Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
Pt presents:
Rapidly fatal meninogoencephalitis
(think of house episiode)
- Organsim
- Transmission
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Organsim: Naegleria fowleri
- Transmission: Swimming in freshwater lakes (think Nalgene bottle filled with fresh water containing Naegleria) enters via cribiform plate
- Diagnosis: Amoebas in spinal fluid
- Treatment: Amphotericin B has been effective for a few survivors.
Pt presents:
Africian sleeping sickness, enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever (due to antigenic variation) somnolence, coma
- Organsim
- Transmission
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Organsim:
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- Transmission
- Tsetse fly, a painful bite
- Diagnosis
- blood smear
- Treatment
- Suramin: for blood born disease
- Melarsoprol for CNS penetration
It _sur_e is nice to go to sleep, _mela_tonin helps with sleep
Name the four types of malaria
- Plasmodium vivax/ovale
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium malariae
Malaria presents with
Fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly
which organism presents with a
48 hr cycel (tertian includes fever on first day and 3rd day)
fevers are 48 hr apart
dormant form (hyponzoite) in the liver
Plasmodium vivax/ovale
Malaria: fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly
Which organism presents with
Severe, irregular fever patterns, parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidneys, lungs
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria presents with fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly
which type of malaria presents with a 72 hr cycle (quartan)
Plasmodium Malariae
- How is malaria transmitted?
- What is used to make the diagnosis?
- Mosquitos (anopheles)
- Blood smear,
- trophozoite ring form w/in RBC,
- schizont containing merozoites.
Treatment of Malaria
- What do you use for initial treatment & MOA?
- What do you use if int treatment is resistant?
- What do you use in life threatening conditions
- what do test for initially prior to admin
- What do you give for vivax/ovale for hyponozoite
- what do you test for prior to admin?
- What do you use for initial treatment? chloroquine (blocks plasmodium heme polymerase)
- What do you use if int treatment is resistant? melfloquine or atovaquone/proguanil
- What do you use in life threatening conditions IV quinindine
- what do test for initially prior to admin G6PD def
- What do you give for vivax/ovale for hyponozoite primaquine
- what do you test for prior to admin? G6PD def
Pt presents with
Fever, hemolytic anemia, predominantly in NE US, asplenia inc risk of severe disease
- Organsim
- Transmission
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Organsim: Babesia
- Transmission: Ixodes tick (coinfect with Borrelia burgdorferi of Lyme disease)
- Diagnosis:
- Blood smear
- ring form
- maltese cross
- PCR
- Blood smear
- Treatment
- Atovaquone
- Azithromycin
Pt presents with
Dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus, predominatly in S. America.
- Organsim
- Transmission
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Disease that was discribed: Chagas disease
- Organsim: Trypanosoma cruzi
- Transmission: Reduviid bug (kissing bud) feces, deposited in a painless bite (much like a kiss).
- Diagnosis: blood smear
- Treatment:
- **Benznidazole **
- Nifurtimox
Pt presents with
Visceral leishmaniasis, (kala-azar); spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
- Organism
- Transmission
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Organsim: Leishmania donovani
- Transmission: Sandfly
- Diagnosis: Macrophages containing amastigotes
- Treatment
- Amphotericin B
- Sodium stibogluconate
Pt presents with
Vaginitis (foul smelling greenish discharge, itching and burning)
Dont confuse with Gardnerella vaginalis, a gram-variable bacerium with bacterial vaginosis
Organsim
Transmission
Diagnosis
Treatment
- Organsim: Trichomonas vaginalis
- Transmission:
- sexual (cannot exist outside human body, bc it cannot form cysts)
- Diagnosis:
- Trophozoites (motile) on wet mount, strawberry cervix)
- Treatment:
- Metronidazole for pt & partner for prophylaxis.
Name the 3 protoza assoc with GI infections
and what you use to treatment them
-
Giardia lamblia
- Metronidazole
-
Entamoeba histolyitca
- Metronidazole
- Iodoquinol for asymptomatic cysts
-
Cryptosporidium
- Prevention (by filtering city water supplies)
- Nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts
Name 3 protozoa assoc with CNS infections
and what is used to treat them?
-
Toxoplasma gondii
- Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
-
Naegleria fowleri
- Amphotericin B (has been effective for a few survivors)
-
Trypanosoma brucei
- Suramin (blood born disease)
- Melasoprol for CNS penetration
Name 2 protozoa- hematologic infections
how do you treat them?
- Plasmodium
- P. vivax/ovale: inital + primaquine
- P. falciparum
- P. malariae
- Treatment:
- chloroquine (blocks plasmodium heme polymerase)
- if resistent use: mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil
- If life threating use: IV quinidine
-
Babesia
- Atovaquone + azithromycin
Name the 2 protozoa involved in visceral infections
how do you treat them?
-
Trypanosoma cruzi
- Benznidazole or
- Nifurtimox
-
Leishmania donovani
- Amphotericin B
- Sodium Stibogluconate
Name the protozoa that causes STD
What is the treatment for it?
-
Trichomonas vaginalis
- Metronidazole (for pt and partner for prophylaxis)
Nematodes routs of infection
- You’ll get sick if you EAT these
- These get into your feet from the SANd
- Lay LOW to avoid getting bitten.
-
Ingested
- Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara
-
Cutaneous
- Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Nectar
-
Bites
- Loa Loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti
Pt presents with
Intestinal infection causing anal pruritus (diagnosed via the scotch tape test)
Organsim
Transmission
Treatment
- Organsim: Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
- Transmission: Fecal oral
- Treatment:
- Bendazole (b/c worms are bendy)
- pyrantel pamoate
Pt presents with
Intestinal infection, worm is found coming out of butt.
Organsim
Transmission
Treatment
- Organsim: Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
- Transmission: fecal oral
- Treatment:
- Bendazole
- Pyrantel pamoate
Pt presents
Intesntial infection causing vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain (may be peptic ulcer like)
Organism
Transmission
Treatment
- Organism Stronglyoides stercoralis
- Transmission Larvae in soil penetrate the skin
- Treatment
- Albendazole
- Ivermectin
Pt presents
Intestinal infection causing anemia bu sucking blood from intestingal walls
Organism
Transmission
Treatment
- Organism: Ancylostoma duodenale, Nector americanus (hookworms)
- Transmission: Larvae penetrate skin
- Treatment:
- Bendazoles
- Pyrantel pamoate
Pt presents
Hyperpigmented skin and r_iver blindness_
blk flies, blk skin nodules, blk sight. allergic rxn to microfilaria possible
Organism
Transmission
Treatment
- Organism: Onchocerca volvulus
- Transmission: Female blackfly bite
- Treatment
- Ivermectin
- _iver_menctin for r_iver_ blindness
On-Choc-erca: chocolate flies, skin nodules, sight
Pt presents
Swelling in skin, worm in conjuctiva
Organism
Transmission
Treatment
- O: Loa Loa
- T: Deer fly, horse fly, mango fly
- T: Diethylcarbamazine
Pt presents
Blocks lymphatics vessels, elephantiasis, takes 9 mo- 1yr after bite to become symptomatic
- Organism
- Transmission
- Treatment
- O: Wuchereria bancrofti
- T: Female mosquito
- T: Diethylcarbamazine
Pt presents
Visceral larva migrans
Organism
Transmission
Treatment
- O: Txocara canis
- T: fecal oral
- T: Albendazole or Mebendazole
Pt presents
Intestial infection, cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis
Organism
Transmission
Treatment
- O: Taenia solium
- T: Ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork, ingestion of eggs
- T: Prazuiquantel
- Prazuiquantel; albendazole for neurocysticercosis
Pt presents
Vit B12 def, (tapeworm competes for B12 in intestine) –> anemia
Organism
Transmission
Treatment
- O: Diphyllobothrium latum
- T: Ingestion of larvar from raw freshwater fish
- T: Praziquantel
Pt presents
Hydatid cysts in liver, causing anaphylaxis if antigens released (surgeons preinject with ethanol to kill cysts before removal)
This organism is where the snake and staff come into play.
Organism
Transmission
Treatment
- O: Echincoccus granulosus
- T: Ingestion of eggs from dog feces
- T: Albendazole
Pt presents
Liver and spleen granulomas, fibrosis, & inflammation. Chronic infection with this organism can lead to squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (painless hematuria)
Organism
Transmission
Treatment
- O: Schistosoma
- T:
- Snails are host
- cercariae penetrate skin of humans
- T: Praziquantel
Pt presents
biliary tract inflammation–> pigmented gallstones
assoc with cholangiocarcinoma
Organism
Transmission
Treatment
- O: Clonorchis sinesis
- T: Undercooked fish
- T: Praziquantel
