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Parasitology > Parasitic Protozoa - Apicomplexa, 3 (41) > Flashcards

Parasitic Protozoa - Apicomplexa, 3 (41) Flashcards

1
Q

What are hepatozoons?

A

blood coccidia

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2
Q

What is hepatozoonosis?

A

disease associated with infection by haemogregarine parasites in genus hematozoon

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3
Q

How does hepatozoonosis result in disease?

A

disease results from asexual replication of the parasite in leukocytes in bone marrow, spleen, and lesser extent liver of the IH

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4
Q

Identify the IH and DH of hepatozoonosis

A

DH: ticks

IH: dogs

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5
Q

How are dogs infected with hepatozoonosis

A

ingestion of ticks with mature oocysts in the hemocoel

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6
Q

What is hepatozoon canis?

A

disease in infected dogs and milder compared with h. americanum

ingestion of oocysts in infected rhipicephalus sanguinensis

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7
Q

Dogs acquire hepatozoon canis by ingesting ______

A

oocysts in infected rhipicephalus sanguinensis

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8
Q

In hepatozoon canis, meronts replicate [sexually/asexually] in (the) [spleen/liver/bone marrow]

A

asexually

bone marrow

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9
Q

How are ticks infected by hepatozoon canis?

A

ingestion of gamonts in circulating neutrophils by 3 weeks post infection

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10
Q

Except in cases of 100% of neutrophils infected, there are low levels of ______

A

parasitemia

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11
Q

What causes American Hepatozoonosis?

A

hepatozoon americanum

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12
Q

How are dogs infected by hepatozoon americanum?

A

ingestion of infected amblyomma maculatum

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13
Q

Dogs are infected by ingestion of hepatozoon americanum because of transmission by ______

A

paratenic host!

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14
Q

[Hepatozoon canis / Hepatozoon americanum] involves transmission by paratenic host

A

Hepatozoon americanum

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15
Q

Where do meronts replicate regarding hepatozoon americanum? How?

A

in host cells in striated muscle

asexually!

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16
Q

Regarding hepatozoon americanum, when are developing organisms (merogony) protected from host immunity?

A

while in the cyst

free merozoites elicit a pyogranulomatous inflammatory response

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17
Q

A dog has fever, lethargy, and mucupurulent ocular discharge. They were diagnosed with neutrophilic leukocytosis and non-regenerative anemia. Muscle biopsy reveals this image. What likely is the parasite and disease? How did they get it?

A

hepatozoon americanum

American Hepatozoonosis

ingested of infected ambylomma maculatum - merino replicate asexually in host cells in striated muscle

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18
Q

T/F: Hepatozoon americanum is less severe than hepatozoon caninum

A

FALSE - more

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19
Q

What is the clinical disease of hepatozoon americanum?

A

fever, lethargy, mucupurulent ocular discharge

neutrophilic leukocytosis & non-regenerative anemia

stiff gait, myositis, ascending progressive muscle weakness, atrophy of head muscles

periosteal lesions and proliferation

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20
Q

How do you diagnose hepatozoon americanum?

A

muscle biopsy of suspected animals

serologic and PCR testing

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21
Q

Describe the classic characteristics of hepatozoon americanum in a muscle biopsy

A

“onion peel” cyst - containing the merozoite stage

22
Q

How do you treat hepatozoon americanum?

A

life-long infection in dogs
combination of therapy for remissioin

trimeoprim-silfadiazine
clindamycin
pyrimethamine

relapse is common!
daily treatment with decoquinate

23
Q

How do you prevent hepatozoon americanum infections?

A

avoidance of tick exposure and predation of paratenic hosts

24
Q

T/F: American Hepatozoonosis is zoonotic

A

FALSE!

25
Q

What are the general features of bloodstream coccidia?

A

asexual replication in tissues and blood cells of mammalian IHs

ticks are definitive hosts

sporozoites transferred to IHs by the tick DH during the obligate blood meal

26
Q

Haemosporidia has ____ as the DH and _____ as the IH. There is sexual and asexual reproduction where?

A

ticks: DH, sexual

mammals: IH, asexual

27
Q

List the bloodstream coccidia

A

babesia sp.
theileria sp.
cytauxoon felis

28
Q

What is babesia disease associated with?

A

non-regenerative anemia from destruction of RBCs

unlimited asexual replication

29
Q

What are babesia sp.?

A

protozoan species occurring in the red blood cells of various vertebrate hosts

30
Q

How are ticks infected with babesia sp.?

A

ingestion of merozoites in the red blood cells of vertebrate IH

31
Q

Describe reproduction of babesia sp. in ticks

A

sexual reproduction

transovarially infects tick offspring

32
Q

How are IH infected with babesia sp.?

A

infected by ticks during their obligate blood meal

33
Q

What is Bovine Babesiosis?

A

etiologic agent of “Texas Cattle Fever”

34
Q

Bovine Babesiosis has transmission through [1/2/3]-host ticks. Why?

A

1

trans-ovarial transmission to tick offspring

35
Q

What are the ticks of Texas Cattle Fever?

A

rhipicephalus annulatus
rhipicephalus microplus - ungulates

36
Q

Name babesia species that cause Texas Cattle Fever

A

babesia bigemina
babesia bovis

37
Q

A cow was diagnosed with Texas Cattle Fever. How was it infected and by what?

A

1 host tick - trans-ovarial transmission to tick offspring

rhipicephalus annulatus/r. microplus

transmits babesia bigemina or babesia bovis

38
Q

What are the 2 primary canine babesiosis species?

A

b. canis
b. gibsoni

39
Q

What are the ticks that transmit both b. canis and b. gibsoni?

A

rhipicephalis sanguinensis

40
Q

Contrast b. canis and b. gibsoni

A

canis: larger piroplasms, world-wide distribution, greyhounds, relatively non-pathogenic

gibsoni: smaller piroplasms, signet ring, direct transmission through fighting

41
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of babesiosis

A

caused by unlimited multiplication of the parasite and its destruction of erythrocytes in the vertebrate host

42
Q

What does disease of babesiosis in cattle look like?

A

pyrexia
hemoglobinuria
anemia
icterus
splenomegaly

43
Q

What does disease of babesiosis in canines look like?

A

pyrexia
anemia
thrombocytopenia
splenomegaly
lymphadenomegaly
dysorexia
vomiting
lethargy

44
Q

A dog presents with dysorexia and vomiting. He was recently in a fight and a Brown dog tick was found on him. What is the causative agent and tick?

A

babesiosis gibsoni

rhipicephalus sanguinensis

45
Q

Which canine babesiosis sp. may potentially be zoonotic?

A

b. conradae

46
Q

How do you diagnose babesiosa sp.?

A

demonstration of piroplasms in blood smear

serology for IgG antibodies

PCR

47
Q

How do you treat babesiosis?

A

imidiocard (denatures DNA)
azithromycin
atovaquone

48
Q

Infected animals of babesiosis should be considered ______ for life

A

asymptomatic carriers

49
Q

How do you prevent babesiosis?

A

use of tick control products

timely tick removal

avoid contact “fighting” with known carriers

50
Q

In hemococcidian parasites, all but ______ have sporozoites that are transmitted to susceptible hosts by the bite of an infected tick during its blood meal

A

hepatozoon - infective ticks are ingested by the canine IH (clinically affected patient)

51
Q

Where does cytauxzoon affect?

A

erythrocytes and macrophages of domestic and wild felines

52
Q

Review these points

A

Parasitology (31 decks)

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