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Parasitology > Parasitic Protozoa (36-37) - End E4 > Flashcards

Parasitic Protozoa (36-37) - End E4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are general features of coccidia?

A

intracellular parasites
- asexual and sexual replication in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts

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2
Q

What does schizogony mean?

A

asexual

in context of coccidia

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3
Q

What does sexual replication in the context of coccidia mean?

A

gametogony

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4
Q

1 host lifecycles are called _____ and have what type of host?

A

monoexenous

paratenic

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5
Q

2 host lifecycles are called _____ and have what type of host?

A

heteroxenous

obligate & facultative indirect

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6
Q

What are the types of coccidia - class sporozoa?

A

intestinal
tissue
blood

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7
Q

What are the types of intestinal coccidia?

A

cryptosporidium
eimeria
cystoisospora

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8
Q

What are the types of tissue coccidia?

A

toxoplasma
neospora
sarcocystis

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9
Q

What are the types of blood coccidia?

A

hepatozoan
babesia
cytauxzoon

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of cryptosporidium spp.?

A

primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks
- swimming pools & splash parks
- municipal supplies

daycare centers
food borne outbreaks

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11
Q

How is cryptosporidium metabolically divergent from other apicomplexa?

A

pathways show more similarity to bacteria
lack Krebs cycle, unable to synthesize fatty acids

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12
Q

A child became ill with voluminous watery diarrhea after spending the day at a water park. Sucrose fecal flotation shows this. What likely caused this, and how did the host become infected?

A

cryptosporidium spp.

host infection via fecal-oral contamination and ingestion of oocysts

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13
Q

What is the lifecycle of cryptosporidium spp.?

A

direct lifecycle

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14
Q

Describe the direct lifecycle of cryptosporidium

A

sexual and asexual replication occur in the small intestinal epithelium (inter-cellular)

oocysts passed in the feces following 3 to 5 day incubation period

immediately infective

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15
Q

What are the clinical features of cryptosporidium spp.?

A

symptomatic and asymptomatic

symptomatic: voluminous watery diarrhea, mucous present, rarely blood/leukocytes, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, fever

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16
Q

How does cryptosporidium present in animals?

A

dairy calves - anorexia, profuse diarrhea, tenesmus (sensation to need to empty bowels), weight loss

horses, pigs, companion animals - infections usually inapparent

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17
Q

What effects does cryptosporidium cause in animals?

A

neonatal calves - 1st week of life; 25% of all deaths attributed to scours

malnutrition reduced growth

oocyst contamination of bedding environment

sheep and goats - reduced carcass weight, fiber production

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18
Q

Where does cryptosporidium migrate to cause disease?

A

adheres to the brush border of the intestinal epithelium

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19
Q

T/F: Cryptosporidium is highly zoonotic if contracted from companion animals

A

FALSE - zoonotic only in immunocompromised patients

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20
Q

How do you treat animals infected with this?

A

supportive care to restore electrolyte imbalance from diarrhea

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21
Q

What is the lifecycle of eimeria sp. - an intestinal coccidia in domestic livestock?

A

direct lifecycle

22
Q

What are the characteristics of eimeria regarding its direct lifecycle?

A

ingestion of sporulated oocysts

4 sporocysts each with 2 sporozoites

23
Q

What kind of reproduction does eimeria sp. have?

A

asexual replication in small intestine (2 to 3 asexual cycles)

sexual reproduction in fresh uninfected cells of the large intestine

24
Q

Describe the lifecycle of coccidia

A
25
Q

What is coccidiosis?

A

disease associated with onset of sexual replication in host tissues

mechanical disruption of mucosal cells by gametes (sexual stages) - refer to lifecycle of coccidia

26
Q

Differentiate the stages of eimeria infection in this goat

A
  1. early zygote
  2. merozoites
  3. microgametes
  4. macrogametes
27
Q

What is this histology slide showing regarding eimeria infection in a goat?

A

merozoites/trophozoites have re-infected the epithelium

28
Q

Fecal samples show oocysts. How did this infect the host?

A

ingestion of sporulated oocysts - 4 sporocysts each with 2 sprozoites

(this parasite is eimeria sp. - intestinal coccidia)

29
Q

What is the clinical significance of coccidiosis?

A

production losses
severe tissue damage to crypts of large intestine
denuded epithelium, necrotic, sloughed mucosa

30
Q

Coccidiosis is associated with

A

asexual replication (schizogony) in host tissues
development (gametogony) of oocysts & mechanical destruction of mucosa

31
Q

Who is more resistant to coccidiosis?

A

host immunity with age and exposure

32
Q

What is treatment and control for coccidiosis?

A

environmental hygiene - removal of manure, keeping surfaces dry and clean

chemoprophylaxis - target the asexual stage of replication, variety of drugs with different modes of action

33
Q

Coccidiostatic drugs do what?

A

arrest development at specific stages of the lifecycle
- parasites remain alive in tissues; withdrawal of the drug allows the parasite to resume development and completion of the lifecycle

34
Q

Coccidiocidal drugs do what?

A

kill or damage the parasite irreversibly
- no disease relapse

35
Q

Anticoccidial drugs may have ____ and ____ properties

A

static & cidal properties

  • dose of the drug
  • length of parasite exposure to the drug
36
Q

What is decoquinate?

A

cocidiostatic drug

  • acts on sporozoite stage
37
Q

A farmer had a goat with coccidiosis and treated it with Decoquinate (Decocox). Thinking the goat was cured, he stopped treatment and became angry when the goat showed symptoms later. What do you say to him why the goat has symptoms again?

a. He stopped treatment early, so the drug could not completely kill the parasites.
b. The goat has drug resistance to the drug which is common in herds today.
c. Withdrawal of the drug allows the parasite to resume development and completion of the lifecycle
d. The dose of the drug was too low to completely treat the animal

A

c. Withdrawal of the drug allows the parasite to resume development and completion of the lifecycle

Decoquinate is coccidiostatic, meaning it will arrest development at specific stages of the lifecycle. Parasites remain alive in the tissues. Withdrawal resumes the lifecycle

38
Q

What does amprolium do?

A

is coccidiostatic

acts on 1st generation schziont in the intestinal cell wall

39
Q

What are the drugs with coccidiocidal activity?

A

diclazuril
ponazuril
totazuril

acts on “apicoplast” organelle involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and amino acid metabolism - has ability to suppress sexual stages and sporulation of oocysts

sulfonamides - interferes with folic acid pathway

40
Q

What is suggestive of cryptosporidiosis?

A

watery diarrhea in a SINGLE young animal with emaciation

41
Q

What is the lifecycle of cystioisospora?

A

facultative direct/indirect lifecycle

42
Q

How do dogs and cats get infected with cystioisospora?

A

ingestion of sporulated oocysts

  • 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites
43
Q

Where does damage occur in cystioisospora? Where does sexual/asexual replication occur?

A

sexual/asexual: small intestine

diarrhea associated with destruction of enterocytes (3 asexual cycles)

44
Q

What are the names of cystioisospora in dogs?

A

c. canis
c. ohioensis

45
Q

How do you differentiate between c. canis/felis & c. ohioensis/rivolta?

A

c. canis/felis: tear-drop shaped

c. ohioensis/rivolta: round

46
Q

What are the names of cystioisospora in cats?

A

c. felis
c. revolta

47
Q

A dog had diarrhea, and centrifugal ZnSO4 showed these oocysts. How did he become infected?

A

ingested of sporulated oocysts from paratenic host (mice, birds, rodents)

2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites

(this parasite is cystoisospora canis)

48
Q

How do you treat intestinal coccidia infections in companion animals?

A
49
Q

Differentiate cryptosporidium, eimeria, and cystioisospora

A

cryptosporidium: tiny with 4 naked sporozoites

eimeria: 4 sporocysts each with 2 sporozoites

cystioisospora: 4 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites

50
Q

Review these points

A

Parasitology (31 decks)

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