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Parasitology > Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dogs & Cats: Hookworms (2) > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dogs & Cats: Hookworms (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general morphology and biology of hookworms?

A

small, stout worms ranging from 10 to 16 mm
dioecious, sexually dimorphic
males w copulatory bursa

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2
Q

Why is it called a hookworm?

A

anterior end curved dorsoventrally giving appearance of hooked head

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3
Q

What is a diagnostic significance of telling males and female hookworms?

A

males have a copulatory bursa

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4
Q

What morphological characteristic of hookworms helps them be voracious blood suckers?

A

club-shaped esophagus
very muscular and functional as very powerful pump

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5
Q

The female hookworms are always [larger/smaller] than males

A

larger

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6
Q

Hookworms cause disease because they are _________

A

voracious blood suckers

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7
Q

Hookworms have a [direct/indirect] lifecycle

A

direct
eggs passed and larvae develop in environment

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8
Q

Host infection of hookworms is by _____ and _____

A

skin penetration
oral ingestion

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9
Q

There is ______ through somatic tissues

A

tracheal migration - arrested development of larvae

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10
Q

In adult hookworms, they are located in the _______. Eggs in feces are present after ____ after infection

A

small intestine
17 to 21 days

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11
Q

Oral infection of hookworms is by

A

direct ingestion of infective larvae - environmental sources/fecal contamination, paratenic hosts, older animals
arrested larvae passed by lactogenic route

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12
Q

What is the scientific worm for hookworms in dogs?

A

ancylostoma caninum

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13
Q

What is the most important route for oral infection for hookworms?

A

lactogenic route
- larvae do not appear to migrate
mature directly to small intestine following attachment

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14
Q

The clinical signs of anemia is about _____ after infection. Peak blood loss is ___ to ____ day post=infection

A

8 days
15 to 18

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15
Q

What are the sources of hookworms?

A

environmental sources
paratenic hosts

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16
Q

______ can be an important source for subsequent lactogenic transmission

A

sequestered larvae

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17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hookworms?

A

they are voracious blood suckers

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18
Q

The severity of hookworm disease depends on what factors?

A

intensity of infection
age of host
nutritional status
degree of iron reserves
presence of acquired immunity

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19
Q

What can hookworms leave that mark their presence in a host?

A

have attachment scars left from the adult hookworms

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20
Q

____ disease is seen in neonatal puppies acquired from lactogenic route

A

Peracute
worms begin feeding voraciously at 8 days post infection
have pale mucous membrane, black tarry stools

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21
Q

Peracute disease is facilitated by _____

A

acquisition of large numbers of worms in very short periods of time
naive immune status

22
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

exposure of older puppies and even adults to large numbers of infective larvae

23
Q

Prolonged exposure and progressive acquisition of additional worms is a ________ process

A

cumulative

24
Q

What is chronic compensated disease?

A

presence of infection without overt clinical signs
measurable reductions in pcv, erythrocyte count, low-end of normal or slightly below

25
Q

What is secondary decompensated disease?

A

older dogs with other (primary) health issues; metabolic or metastatic etiologies

26
Q

Dogs already suffering from something and then getting hookworms is an example of ______

A

secondary decompensated disease

27
Q

What is the clinical presentation of peracute disease?

A

neonatal puppies, showing profound anemia
pale mucous membranes
blood diarrhea
FECAL EXAM CAN BE NEGATIVE!

28
Q

T/F: A negative fecal exam mean there is no hookworms

A

FALSE - immature do not show up

29
Q

What are clinical signs with acute disease regarding hookworms? Can you see hookworms on a fecal?

A

listless with pale membranes
diarrhea with black tarry stools
poor hair coat
dermatitis
Yes, should have eggs

30
Q

What is chronic compensated disease regarding hookworms? Can you see hookworms on a fecal?

A

older animals
without noticeable clinical signs but PCV low end
low weight
poor hair coat
dermatitis
Yes, appearance of eggs on fecal

31
Q

What is secondary de-compendated disease regarding hookworms?

A

generally ADR
emaciated or low BCS
poor hair coat
dermatitis
parasitic disease is second to underlying. metabolic or metastatic disease

32
Q

What do you treat with animal with peracute disease?

A

immediate anthelmintic treatment (single dose pyrantel pamoate, suspension 10 mg/kg)

33
Q

What is the drug of choice for hookworms and peracute?

A

pyrantel

34
Q

How do you prevent perinatal infection?

A

fenbendazole @ 50mg/kg
ivermectin administered subcutaneously @ 500 microgram/kg
treat puppies at 2 week intervals for 4 treatments

35
Q

What is good about pyrantel?

A

has a large margin of safety

36
Q

What about treatment without signs of clinical disease of hookworms?

A

pyrantel
heart worm prophylaxis
fenbendazole

37
Q

How do you prevent perinatal infection? When?

A

daily administration of fenbendazole
40th day of gestation to 14th day lactation
attacks reactivated larvae in the mom’s tissues

ivermectin
4-9 days prior to whelping, 10 days post whelping, won’t get lactogenic infection

38
Q

What is the most probably method of treating puppies with perinatal disease?

A

treat puppies at 2-week intervals for 4 treatments
puppies still obtain worms from the mother but are killed as they arrive to the small intestine

39
Q

What happens when you still find eggs?

A

vacant gut was re-populated by worms in arrested development
refractory egg-shedding hosts

40
Q

T/F: You should do a post-treatment evaluation 7 to 10 days following treatment which allows the opportunity to keep treating

A

TRUE - if did 14-21 days after last treatment, could not tell if there was drug treatment or re-infection

41
Q

T/F: Cat hookworms generally look the same as dog hookworms

A

TRUE

42
Q

The ______ [immediate/paratenic] route probably play a significant role in cat hookworms

A

rodent
paratenic

43
Q

What is the name of hookworms that affect dogs and cats? Where?

A

ancylostoma baziliense
primarily endemic to southern US

44
Q

What is the scientific name for hookworms in felines?

A

ancylostoma tubaforme

45
Q

What is uncinaria stenocephala?

A

type of hookworm, though different genus

46
Q

Which hookworm eggs are a lot larger?

A

uncinaria stenocephala

47
Q

What is treatment for unicaria stenocephala?

A

ivermectin - only 1/2 as effective
milbemycine - not effective

48
Q

What are cutaneous larval migraines?

A

skin penetration by infective L3 larvae
zoonotic
common in southeastern united states
hypersensitivity after exposure again

49
Q

Which hookworms can affect humans?

A

a. braziliense
uncinaria stenocephala

50
Q

What are visceral larval migrans?

A

larval stage hookworms that penetrate deep and reach pulmonary circulation
non-specific respiratory illness, dry cough, dyspnea
often self-limiting

51
Q

What is hookworm associated gastroenteritis?

A

successful colonization of the human small intestine
sexually immature worms - adult or advanced L4 stage
pathogenesis by vigorous IgE mediated inflammatory response

Parasitology (31 decks)

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