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Spanish Wine Scholar > País Vasco > Flashcards

País Vasco Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are the 7 Basque provinces?

A

3 in País Vasco
1 is Navarra
3 in France

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2
Q

Name the 3 Basque provinces in País Vasco

A

Álava (Araba)
Vizcaya (Bizkaia)
Guipúzcoa (Gipuzkoa)

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3
Q

País Vasco is bordered by…?

A

Bay of Biscay
Cantabria
Castilla y León
La Rioja and Ebro river
Navarra
France

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4
Q

Capital, largest city of País Vasco?

A

No official capital
Basque government HQ: Vitoria-Gastiez in Álava
Bilbao largest city 345k 16%

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5
Q

Wettest Spanish wine region

A

Getaria in Guipúzcoa, País Vasco

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6
Q

Climate of País Vasco, and how does it change moving south?

A

Maritime, more continental with oceanic influences towards Castilla y León

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7
Q

Climate of Viscaya and Guipúzcoa?

A

Maritime: cool, damp, temperate

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8
Q

Viscaya and Guipúzcoa: average temperatures in winter, summer

A

winter 9ºC average
summer 20ºC average

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9
Q

Describe winter precipitation in Viscaya and Guipúzcoa

A

occasional snow, frost, much rain

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10
Q

Annual rainfall in Bilbao, San Sebastián

A

Bilbao 1,200 mm/yr
San Sebastián 1,500 mm/yr
Rains year-round

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11
Q

Climate of Álava

A

continental with maritime influences (mountainous)

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12
Q

How does climate of Álava compare with Viscaya and Guipúzcoa?

A

winters colder
summers warmer
more diurnal range
drier

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13
Q

Álava: average and maximum summer temperature

A

avg 19ºC
max 26ºC

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14
Q

Name the three topographic zones of País Vasco

A

Atlantic basin
Montes Vascos
Ebro river basin

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15
Q

Describe the Atlantic basin of País Vasco

A

North coast
cliffs, valleys, short rivers
majority of Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa
most txakoli vineyards

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16
Q

Describe the Montes Vascos area of País Vasco

A

E section of Cordillera Cantábrica
up to 1,551m
parallel mountains separated by the high Álava plain
rivers flow S into Ebro

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17
Q

Spanish name of the Ebro river basin of País Vasco, which wine region shares it, what is its climate?

A

Rioja Alavesa
shared with DOCa La Rioja
continental

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18
Q

País Vasco soils are rich in…?

A

organic matter

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19
Q

Describe the soils of Guipúzcoa in the East of País Vasco

A

sandy topsoil over alluivial clay

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20
Q

Describe the soils of Vizcaya in País Vasco

A

shallow acidic clay-loam topsoil over limestone

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21
Q

Describe the soils of Álava in the south of País Vasco

A

alluvial with gravelly clay
except DO in the north which is limestone

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22
Q

Name the wine unique to País Vasco

A

Txakoli

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23
Q

Likely origin of the name Txakoli

A

from Basque etxakoa (made at home)

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24
Q

Traditional way to serve Txakoli

A

traditionally for personal consumption
small servings
poured from height to aerate
accompanies Basque tapas (pintxos)

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25
Q

País Vasco wine: majority colour, percentage

A

95% blanco

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26
Q

País Vasco wine: majority grape, percentage

A

90% Hondarribi Zuri
(Zuri means white)

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27
Q

Describe Hondarribi Zuri wines

A

crisp, acid
pale yellow
citrus / white flowers

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28
Q

Basque name for Petit Courbu

A

Hondarribi Zuri Zerratia

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29
Q

Basque name for Gros Manseng, Petit Manseng

A

Izkiriota
Izkiriota Ttippia

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30
Q

What is País Vasco’s only red grape?

A

Hondarribi Beltza

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31
Q

What does the grape name Hondarribi come from?

A

Hondarribia is a town in Guipúzcoa, País Vasco

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32
Q

Name three international grapes grown in País Vasco

A

Sauvignon Blanc
Riesling
Chardonnay

33
Q

Name all the ‘preferred’ grapes of País Vasco

A

Hondarribi Zuri
Hondarribi Beltza

34
Q

Majority of vineyards in País Vasco are on what kind of terrain?

A

Near coast or on hillsides

35
Q

Most common training system for País Vasco vines?
Pros and cons?
What is the alternative?

A

Parral
Provides good airflow in this wet, humid, mildew prone area.
Labour intensive canopy management and hand harvesting.
Espaldera

36
Q

Outline the production method for Txakoli wines

A

destem
macerate
2-3 week fermentation (traditionally in 1,000L foudres, increasingly in stainless steel)
optional lees contact for a few weeks

37
Q

In País Vasco, some winemakers are experimenting with…?

A

longer lees ageing
concrete
oak/acacia barrels
carbonic maceration
blends
rosado / tinto / espumoso / dulce

38
Q

Name the three DOs in País Vasco

A

DO Arabako Txacolina / Txakoli de Álava / Chacolí de Álava

DO Bizkaiko Txakolina / Txakoli de Bizkaia / Chacolí de Bizkaia

DO Getariako Txakolina / Txakoli de Getaria / Chacolí de Getaria

39
Q

Percentage blanco in each País Vasco DO

A

Arabako Txacolina 94%
Bizkaiko Txakolina 99%
Getariako Txakolina 93%

40
Q

DO Arabako Txacolina makes 6% of what?

A

Espumoso

41
Q

DO Getariako Txakolina makes 6% of what?

A

Rosado

42
Q

Soil types of the three País Vasco DOs

A

Arabako Txacolina: limestone, stone, clay

Bizkaiko Txakolina: clay-loam at coast, limestone marl inland

Getariako Txakolina: sand over alluvial clay

43
Q

Average annual rainfall in each País Vasco DO

A

Arabako Txacolina: 900mm

Bizkaiko Txakolina: 1,200mm

Getariako Txakolina: 1,600mm

44
Q

Elevation of each País Vasco DO

A

Arabako Txacolina: 100-200m

Bizkaiko Txakolina: 50-200m (avg 150m)

Getariako Txakolina: 0-200m

45
Q

Area under vine and training system in each País Vasco DO

A

Arabako Txacolina: 95 ha, espaldera

Bizkaiko Txakolina: 403 ha, parral at coast, espaldera inland

Getariako Txakolina: 427 ha, parral (most within 1km of sea)

46
Q

Which DO of País Vasco is newest?

A

Arabako Txacolina

47
Q

Which DO of País Vasco is driest?

A

Arabako Txacolina

48
Q

Which DO of País Vasco benefits from foehn winds?

A

Bizkaiko Txakolina
Foehn is strongest in September

49
Q

Which DO of País Vasco is easternmost?

A

Getariako Txakolina

50
Q

In which DO of País Vasco are most vines within 1km of the sea?

A

Getariako Txakolina

51
Q

Which DO of País Vasco was expanded in 2007 to cover its entire province?

A

Getariako Txakolina
to cover Guipúzco

52
Q

Which DO of País Vasco has the highest rainfall of any wine region in Spain?

A

Getariako Txakolina
1,600 mm of rain annually

53
Q

Which two DOs of País Vasco make txakoli that is “light and easy-drinking with floral notes and tangy citrus and green apple fruit… slightly prickly with a mouthwatering acidity”?

A

Bizkaiko Txakolina
Getariako Txakolina

54
Q

Basque name for Basque language

A

Euskera

55
Q

Basque name for people of País Vasco

A

Euskadi

56
Q

Name of local tribes in País Vasco in Iron Age, and which area did they cover?

A

Vascones
North-central Spain
Southwest France

57
Q

When did the Romans come to País Vasco, what did they call it, how did they get on with the locals?

A

2C BCE
called it Vasconia
Vascones were allies who retained their own language and customs

58
Q

After the Roman empire, the Vascones were sandwiched between which warring tribes? Which did the Vascones eventually align with?

A

Visigoths and Franks

They aligned with the Franks

59
Q

With whose help did the Vascones keep the Moors out of north east Spain?

A

Their allies the Franks

60
Q

Which kingdom controlled the Basque region, parts of Aragón and Castile, and up to French Gascony, in the 9-11C

A

Kingdom of Navarra

61
Q

Year of earliest written record of commercial wine production in País Vasco

A

964

62
Q

In which year did Navarra become politically independent again, battling Castile for Álava, Vizcaya, Guipuzcoa? What land did they cede?

A

1157
La Rioja

63
Q

In what year did Castile break the treaty with Navarra, and invade western Basque Country?

A

1199

64
Q

In which century were Basques incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile, and under what terms?

A

14C
fueros: allegiance to the Spanish kings in exchange for rights including autonomy

65
Q

Year of first reference to vino chacolín (chacolí / txakoli) wine?

A

1623

66
Q

In which centuries did the Basques lose autonomy to the Bourbon monarchy?

A

18C - early 19C
At one point the French controlled all Basque territories

67
Q

In which year did British and Portugese soldiers, after capturing San Sebastián from the French, get drunk and loot, riot and burn the city killing 1,000 inhabitants?

A

1813

68
Q

After the French were beaten at San Sebastián they retreated to France. Rule over País Vasco was restored under which king of Spain, in which year, and under what terms?

A

Ferdinand VII
1814
fueros

69
Q

List five disasters that befell the wine industry in País Vasco in the late 19C

A

powdery mildew
phylloxera
competition from foreign wines
changing consumer tastes
workforce shift to industry

70
Q

Which Basque writer was the father of Basque nationalism, an extreme nationalist and Basque supremacist?

A

Sabino Arana (1865-1903)

71
Q

Which political party did Sabino Arana create?

A

Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV)
(Basque Nationalist Party)

72
Q

In what year did Sabino Arana give all Basque provinces the name of “Euzkadi”?

A

1895

73
Q

Who did the Basques side with in the Spanish Civil War?

A

Republic
(against Franco)
gaining autonomy briefly

74
Q

On what date did Germans bomb Guernica at Franco’s request?

A

26 April 1923
1,500 dead

75
Q

How did Franco suppress the Basques, and what was the reaction?

A

Removed all signs of Basque independence.
Banned Basque language.
Basque nationalism transformed into political terrorism as ETA.

76
Q

What does ETA stand for, and when was it formed?

A

Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
1959

77
Q

In what year did the few remaining País Vasco winemakers create an association, and what was it called?

A

1980
Association of Txakolineros of Bizkaia (Viscaya)

78
Q

In what year was the quality of País Vasco wine recognised with the first DO? Which was it?

A

1989
DO Getariako Txakolina

79
Q

Year of Spanish Constitution

A

1978

Spanish Wine Scholar (25 decks)

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