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Spanish Wine Scholar > Andalucía > Flashcards

Andalucía Flashcards

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1
Q

Which autonomous community is the most populous? Where does it rank by land area?

A

Andalucía
Second largest

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2
Q

Which autonomous community is southernmost?

A

Andalucía

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3
Q

What is Andalucía bordered by?

A

N: Extremadura, Castilla-La Mancha
E: Murcia
S&E: Mediterranean Sea, Gibraltar
W: Atlantic Ocean, Portugal

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4
Q

How many provinces in Andalucía?
Bonus: name them and their capitals

A

8

All are named after their capitals. W-E by capital location:
Huelva
Cádiz
Sevilla
Córdoba
Málaga
Jaén
Granada
Almería

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5
Q

Capital, most populous city in Andalucía? Where does the most populous city rank in Spain?

A

Sevilla 700k
4th in Spain

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6
Q

Climate of Andalucía

A

Mediterranean with Atlantic and continental influences

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7
Q

Rainfall in Andalucía? When?
Bonus: give an example of how variable between provinces

A

300-800mm
Mostly in winter

Cabo de Gata (Almería) is Europe’s driest area with 160mm rain annually.
Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park (northern Cádiz and Málaga) is one of the wettest places (possibly the wettest) in the Iberian Peninsula >2,000mm/year

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8
Q

Name the weather pattern that contributes to the hot, dry summers (especially inland) in Andalucía

A

Azores High

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9
Q

Typical temperature range through the year, inland, in Andalucía? How does the coast differ? And east-west?

A

6-45ºC
Less extreme at the coast
Coolest in the east

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10
Q

Which city has the highest average temperature in mainland Spain?

A

Sevilla

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11
Q

Name the principal winds in Andalucía, and their effects. Why are they important for winemaking?

A

Levante (from E, hot, dry)
Poniente (from W, cool, humid 95%, as evening sea breeze)
Between them they create the ideal environment for flor.

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12
Q

Which two principal mountain ranges are in Andalucía?

A

N: Sierra Morena (border with Extremadura, Castilla-La Mancha)
S: Sistema Bético (highest in Iberia)

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13
Q

Which three chains of mountains make up the Sistema Bético in Andalucía? Which chain includes the Sierra Nevada?

A

Cordillera Prebética (mostly in Murcia, Castilla-La Mancha)

Cordillera Subbética (northern Andalucía)

Cordillera Penibética (southern Andalunía, includes Sierra Nevada)

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14
Q

Name the highest peak in mainland Spain, the chain of mountains containing it, and the province.

A

Pico de Mulhacén 3,479m
in the Sierra Nevada
in the Cordillera Penibética
in the Sistema Bético
in Andalucía

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15
Q

Name the five long rivers that flow across the plain in Andalucía to the Atlantic Ocean. Which flow through sherry country?

A

North-South:
Odiel
Tinto
Guadalquivir (sherry)
Guadalete (sherry)
Barbate

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16
Q

Name the five shorter rivers that flow through Andalucía, from the Sistema Bético to the Mediterranean Sea?

A

West-East:
Guadiaro
Guadalhorce
Guadalfeo
Andarax
Almanzora

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17
Q

Are the soils of Andalucía diverse or similar?

A

Diverse

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18
Q

What soil types are generally found in Andalucía in:
N: Sierra Morena
E: Sistema Bético
Sherry country

A

N, Sierra Morena: shallow limestone, clay
E, Sistema Bético: deep slate, clay, limestone
Sherry country: 90% planted on albariza, 30-80% chalk with limestone, clay, sand

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19
Q

It’s called albariza in sherry country, but what is it called in DO Montilla-Moriles? Not to be confused with…?

A

albero
Not to be confused with the albero that covers floors in sherry bodegas.

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20
Q

Which three grapes dominate Andalucía?

A

Palomino Fino
Pedro Ximénez (PX)
Moscatel (de Alejandría)

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21
Q

What are the Spanish terms in Andalucía for:
fortified wine
sweet wine

A

vino generoso
vino dulce

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22
Q

Which DO in Andalucía makes the majority of sweet wines?

A

DO Montilla-Moriles

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23
Q

Which grapes are most used in Andalucía to make dry wines?

A

Blanco: Pedro Ximénez (PX), Vijiriego, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc.
Tinto: Tempranillo, Garnacha Tinta, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Syrah.

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24
Q

The vineyards of which autonomous community in mainland Spain have the largest range of elevation?

A

Andalucía
Vines from 0-1,200m

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25
Q

Name the main vine training techniques of Andalucìa

A

en vaso
espaldera
vara y pulgar (for sherry)

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26
Q

Give an example of a wine area in Andalucía where both en vaso and espaldera vine training is used, but harvesting is still by hand

A

VC Granada

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27
Q

What was sherry country historically called by the:
Phoenicians?
Romans?
Moors?

A

Xera
Ceret
Sherish

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28
Q

In which year did Christians reclaim Jerez? What did they import from England in return for sherish?

A

1264
wool

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29
Q

In 1483, the sherry producers banded together to create which regulations?

A

Regulations of the Guild of Raisin and Grape Harvesters of Jerez

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30
Q

In which year did Sir Francis Drake attack Cádiz? What did he steal? How did it change the English language?

A

1587
3,000 barrels of sherry
‘sack’ (from sacar, to take out, e.g. from solera) took on another meaning - product of a raid

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31
Q

In the 17-18C, as the popularity of sherry grew in Britain, what was the response of the British merchants and government?

A

British merchants set up in Jerez
Government reduced excise duties, causing sales of sherry to quadruple

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32
Q

How did sherry production change in the 18C?

A

The criaderas y solera system was developed to manage surpluses, leading to drier wines, fractional blending, homogeneity, and sherry cathedrals.

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33
Q

When did phylloxera reach Jerez, with what effect?

A

1894
swiftly replanted

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34
Q

In which year was the sherry DO officially created? What is its full name?

A

1933
DO Jerez-Xérès-Sherry

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35
Q

In which year did manzanilla get its DO? What is its full name?

A

1964
DO Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda

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36
Q

What proportion of the sherry vineyard is planted to Palomino Fino? What is it also called?

A

95%
Listán Blanco

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37
Q

Who is the possible inspiration for the Palomino Fino name?

A

Don Fernán Yáñes Palomino
a knight of King Alfonso X during the Reconquista

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38
Q

Palomino Fino is indigenous to where?

A

Andalucía

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39
Q

Give four sherry-friendly characteristics of Palomino Fino

A

low sugar
low acidity
low alcohol
(so blank canvas)
prone to oxidation

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40
Q

Where is Pedro Ximénez (PX) indigenous to?

A

Andalucía

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41
Q

What is PX used for in Andalucía?

A

sweeten sherry
varietal wine

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42
Q

What is unusual in sherry regulations about PX? Why is this rule exploited?

A

It may be (and usually is) grown in DO Montilla-Moriles, and can be labelled sherry if aged in sherry country.
DO Montilla-Moriles is warmer and drier which helps to fully ripen PX.

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43
Q

What is Moscatel (de Alejandría) used for in Andalucía?

A

fruit
raisins
sweeten sherry
varietal wines

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44
Q

Outline the principal architectural features (and their effects) of the sherry cathedrals. Consider:
ceilings
windows
walls internally
walls externally
floor
orientation

A

High ceilings (heat to rise).
High windows (heat to escape).
Esparto grass window coverings (shade).
Thick walls (thermal stability).
Walls of porous material (humidity).
Outside walls painted white (reflect sunlight).
Albero floors (watered for humidity).
Rectangular on NE-SW axis (encourage Poinente, discourage Levante and hot sun).

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45
Q

Sherry cathedrals can have up to:
what height of ceiling?
what thickness of walls?

A

15m high
60cm thick

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46
Q

When are the high windows typically opened and closed in a sherry cathedral, and why?

A

Open in the evening to let Poniente sea breezes in.
Closed in the morning to avoid the heat of the day.

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47
Q

Historically Palomino Fino was foot trodden to music. At what time of day? Bare feet or shod? Why?

A

Midnight to noon (when cool).
Nail-studded shoes (zapatos de pisar) which gathered grape skins for gentle pressing.

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48
Q

Nowadays where is sherry base wine usually fermented? Why?

A

Near the vineyard (not the ageing bodega) to reduce transport time and avoid oxidation and spoilage

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49
Q

In sherry production, when is Palomino Fino pressed? What are the pressing fractions, their characteristics, and intended purposes?

A

After crushing.

Primera yema: mostly free-run, intended for Fino, 65% of volume.

Segunda yema: light pneumatic press, for Oloroso, 23% of volume.

Mosto prensa: firm pneumatic press, for distillation.

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50
Q

After pressing, the pressing fractions are vinified. Together or separately?

A

Separately
(What would be the point of separating them otherwise?)

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51
Q

Fermentation of Palomino Fino for sherry is done in what kind of vessel? With what kind of yeast? To what level of sweetness and alcohol?

A

Usually temperature controlled stainless steel tanks.
Some use 500-600 L wooden butts.
Indigenous yeasts.
To dry (11-12%abv)

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52
Q

After fermentation, Palomino Fino base wines for sherry go through first classification. What are the classifications, and their chalk marks?

A

Fino/Manzanilla (for biological ageing under flor: /)
Oloroso (for oxidative ageing without flor: o)

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53
Q

What are the characteristics of base wine intended for classification as fino/manzanilla?

A

Albariza soil
Old vines
Free run juice
Excellent hygiene

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54
Q

After first classification, the sherry base wine is fortified. Which what? To what strength? What happens next?

A

Fortification with mitad y mitad (half and half: distilled grape spirit and mature sherry).
Fino/manzanilla: to 15-15.5%abv to encourate flor and biological ageing.
Oloroso: to 17% to kill flor for oxidative ageing.
Then: moved to wooden butts (sobretabla).

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55
Q

How long is sherry kept in the sobretabla before second classification? What change might happen then?

A

3-12 months
Some fino/manzanilla might be switched to oxidative aging (palo cortado).

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56
Q

What is the minimum average ageing period for biologically-aged sherry?

A

Two years

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57
Q

What is the most abundant strain of yeast in the flor of biologically ageing sherries?

A

Saccharomyces beticus

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58
Q

What conditions are required to encourage the flor, in biological sherry ageing?

A

air above the flor
undisturbed
Cool and stable (ideally 18-20ºC)
>65% humidity

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59
Q

In biological sherry ageing, what does the flor consume, and produce? What does the flor protect the wine from?

A

Consumes:
alcohol
acid
glycerin

Produces:
aldehydes (oxidised alcohols)
fusel oils (higher alcohols)

Protects from:
acetobacter
oxidation

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60
Q

If biologically ageing sherry is not replenished with younger wine, how long before the flor’s food source is depleted? If replenished, how long can it be kept alive?

A

Depeted in 12-18 months.
Can be kept alive for 7-8 years.

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61
Q

How is amontillado sherry made?

A

Make a fino, fortify it to 17% to kill the flor, age it again oxidatively.

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62
Q

What inhibits acetobacter in oxidative sherry ageing?

A

17% alcohol

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63
Q

What effect does evaporation have on oxidatively ageing sherry?

A

Water evaporates, alcohol increases

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64
Q

What is the maximum legal alcohol content for sherry?

A

22%abv

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65
Q

What is the name for lighter sherry wines that are aged outside in the sun for 1-2 years, evaporating 15% volume per year, concentrating flavours and hastening oxidative ageing? What often happens after ageing?

A

rayas
Often blended with sweetening agents for dessert sherries

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66
Q

Give four meanings of the word ‘solera’

A

1) A stack of casks from different vintages.
2) The lowest row of butts (from Latin solum = floor, Spanish suelo).
3) dynamic ageing system where old wine is partially withdrawn and replaced with young.
4) a combined fractional blending and ageing system to maintain house style and quality.

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67
Q

How many criaders in a solera system?

A

From 3 to upwards of 20

68
Q

Typical barrel size in a solera? Made of? Filled to?

A

600L
American oak
Filled to 5/6 capacity

69
Q

True/false: the top row of butts in a solera system is the youngest criadera? Why?

A

Not necessarily in chronological (or logical) order.
Fino ages best near the cool, humid floor.
Oloroso oxidises better in warmer upper tiers.

70
Q

In a sherry solera, is ‘running the scales’ performed more often in biological or oxidative ageing?

A

Biological
(to feed the flor)

71
Q

What is the maximum proportion of wine removed from the solera when bottling?

A

one third

72
Q

Blended sherry wines are sometimes darkened by adding a wine.
What is the wine called?
How is it made?

A

Vinos de color
It is a 1:3 mix of arrope and Palomino Fino must, aged in a solera.
Arrope is a dark syrup made by heating grape must over a slow fire until it reduces to one-fifth volume.

73
Q

In Sherry, vinos generosos are:
Dry or sweet?
Oxidatively or biologically aged?
Made from which grapes?
Grown where?
Aged where?

A

Dry.
Either.
Palomino Fino.
In DO Jerez-Xérès-Sherry.
In the Sherry Triangle (says SWS but this is now out of date).

74
Q

What is the difference between fino and manzanilla sherry?

A

Manzanilla can only be produced and matured in Sanlúcar de Barrameda

75
Q

What is the origin of the sherry term Manzanilla?

A

Manzanilla is Spanish for chamomile, a characteristic flavour of Manzanilla sherry

76
Q

What characteristics are shared by fino and manzanilla sherry?

A

Fortified, dry sherry
Palomino Fino
Biologically aged under flor
Low acid
Pale colour
Fresh dough, roasted almonds

77
Q

How is palo cortado made?

A

First classification (for sobretabla): biological ageing.
Second classification (for ageing): oxidative ageing, fortified to 17%.

78
Q

Which style of vino generoso sherry only experiences oxidative ageing?

A

Oloroso

79
Q

Vinos Dulces Naturales are typically made:
from which grapes?
grown where?
treated how around harvest time?
fermented to what extent?
biological or oxidative ageing?

A

Either Moscatel or PX.
Moscatel in sherry country, PX in DO Montilla-Moriles.
Overripe or sun-dried (actually PX is always sun-dried).
Fermentation stopped early by fortification.
Oxidative.

80
Q

A sherry labelled Moscatel is typically made:
with at least what percentage of Moscatel grapes?
grown where?
treated how around harvest?
fermented to what extent?
sometimes blended with?

A

85%
sherry country
overripe or sun-dried
fermentation stopped early by fortification
PX or arrope

81
Q

A sherry labeled Pedro Ximénez is typically made:
with at least what percentage PX?
grown where?
treated how around harvest?
fermented to what extent?
matured where?
how sweet?

A

85%
DO Montilla-Moriles
overripe or sun-dried (actually I think it is always sun-dried)
fermentation stopped early by fortification
Jerez
luscious: some over 400 g/L sugar

82
Q

In sherry production, what is RCGM?

A

Rectified Concentrated Grape Must
a clear, odourless sugar solution derived from grape must, used to add sweetness without altering colour, aroma or flavour.

83
Q

In the production of Vinos Generosos de Licor, what is the Spanish term for blending?

A

cabaceo

84
Q

Which blended sherries can be made by adding:
RCGM?
Moscatel?
PX?

A

Dry / Pale / Pale Dry: RCGM
Pale Cream: RCGM
Medium: RCGM/Moscatel/PX
Cream: PX

85
Q

What six other names are authorised for Medium sherry?

A

Golden
Abocado
Amoroso
Brown
Milk
Rich

86
Q

The category Medium sherry divides into Medium Dry and Medium Sweet, with what sugar levels?

A

Medium Dry: 5-45 g/L
Medium Sweet: 45-115 g/L

(actually I think it’s 4-45 and 50-115)

87
Q

What are the sugar levels for these blended sherries:
Dry / Pale / Pale Dry?
Pale Cream?
Medium?
Cream?

A

Dry <45 g/L
Pale Cream 45-115 g/L
Medium 5-115 g/L
Cream 115-140 g/L

88
Q

What are the three special categories for age-designated sherries? Which styles of sherry are eligible? Examples?

A

Vinos de Vejez Calificada (Sherry Wines of Certified Age)
Amontillado, Palo Cortado, Oloroso, PX
VOS/VORS

Vinos con Indicación de Edad (Sherry Wines with Indication of Age)
Amontillado, Palo Cortado, Oloroso, PX
12 and 15 years old.

Añada (Vintage Sherry)
Amontillado, Palo Cortado, Oloroso (not PX)

89
Q

For the categories:
Vinos de Vejez Calificada (Sherry Wines of Certified Age), and
Vinos con Indicación de Edad (Sherry Wines with Indication of Age),
which of them:
require an independent tasting committee?
require analysis by the Estación de Viticultura y Enología de Jerez?
apply to the wine vs the solera?
Give examples of the designation.

A

Both require independent tasting and analysis.

Vinos de Vejez Calificada: applies to the wine (VOS, VORS)

Vinos con Indicación de Edad: applies to the solera (12, 15 years)

90
Q

What is ‘East India’ sherry?

A

Bodegas Lustau’s homage to cream sherry shipped to the Indies in the 17C, which spent long times on ships.

Method:
age Oloroso and PX in separate soleras for 12 years
blend
further age in a 45-cask solera for 3 years at elevated humidity and temperature

91
Q

Name the 9 towns of the sherry region

A

North-south:

Lebrija
Trebujena
Sanlúcar de Barrameda
Chipiona
Rota
Jerez de la Frontera
(San Juan del Valle)
El Puerto de Santa Maria
Puerto Real
Chiclana de la Frontera

92
Q

What three zones are defined in sherry country?

A

Zona de Producción (production zone): the nine towns for viniculture

Jerez Superior: a subset of albariza soils, 92% of vineyard

Zona de Crianza (ageing and maturing zone): the Sherry Triangle (this changed in recent regulations to the whole Marco de Jerez)

93
Q

What is DO Málaga in Andalucía known for?

A

sweet wines

94
Q

In which centuries was DO Málaga in Andalucía the second largest wine region in Spain?

A

17-19C

95
Q

When was DO Málaga created?

A

In the 1932 Wine Statute

96
Q

DO Málaga in Andalucía: primary grapes used for vino dulce?

A

PX and Moscatel

97
Q

Are sweet wines in DO Málaga (in Andalucía) made from overripe or sun-dried grapes?

A

Either

98
Q

Are sweet wines in DO Málaga (in Andalucía) fortified?

A

Usually but not always

99
Q

Apart from PX and Moscatel, which three indigenous grapes can be used in in DO Málaga (in Andalucía)? How much?

A

Romé
Doradilla
Lairén
combined maximum 30%

100
Q

Name the style of sweet DO Málaga wine that became popular in 18C England and is admired today? What are its alternative names? How is it made? How sweet?

A

Pajarete
Paxarete
Paxarette

PX and/or Moscatel
fermented and fortified
oxidatively aged 2yr+ in oak
some producers use a solera system

45-140 g/L sugar

101
Q

True/false: all DO Málaga wines are sweet

A

True

102
Q

DO labelled raisins and dry still wines are both made within the borders of DO Málaga. What DO appears on the label?

A

Raisins: DO Pasas de Málaga

Dry still wine: DO Sierras de Málaga
(from indigenous and international varieties)

103
Q

True/false: all sweet DO Málaga wines are fortified

A

False

Some producers make non-fortified, sweet Moscatels, golden and perfumed for early consumption

104
Q

DO Málaga is divided into how many growing area, and subdivided into how many sub-zones?
Name the sub-zones.

A

3 growing areas
5 sub-zones (north-south):
Norte
Axarquía
Montes de Málaga
Serranía de Ronda
Manilva

105
Q

Which sub-zone of DO Málaga is northernmost?

A

Norte

106
Q

Which sub-zone of DO Málaga has the most extreme temperatures?

A

Norte

107
Q

Which sub-zones of DO Málaga grow significant amounts of PX for sweet wine?

A

Montes de Málaga (also Moscatel)
Norte

108
Q

Which sub-zone of DO Málaga is the main sub-zone for vino dulce? What terrain and equipment is used?

A

Axarquía
steep terraces and slopes
pack animals

109
Q

Which sub-zone of DO Málaga has the highest-elevation vineyards?

A

Montes de Málaga
(up to 900m)

110
Q

In the Norte sub-zone of DO Málaga, is PX usually overripe or sun-dried?

A

Overripe

111
Q

Which sub-zone of DO Málaga is at the southwestern tip and borders the Mediterranean Sea? What is the lead grape? Used to make what kind of wine?

A

Manilva
Moscatel
Primarily raisins (not wine)

112
Q

Which sub-zone of DO Málaga is the main production area for still wines under DO Sierras de Málaga?

A

Serranía de Ronda

113
Q

The Serranía sub-zone of DO Málaga is the primary production area for what kind of wine?

A

Still wines labelled DO Sierras de Málaga

114
Q

Which sub-zone of DO Málaga is primarily used for raisin production? Under which DO?

A

Manilva
DO Pasas de Málaga

115
Q

Which sub-zone of DO Málaga contains a Natural Park? Which one?

A

Montes de Málaga
Montes de Málaga Natural Park

116
Q

Name the two main rivers delineating DO Montilla-Moriles in Andalucía

A

Guadajoz (NE)
Genil (SW)

117
Q

DO Montilla-Moriles in Andalucía is just south of which city?

A

Córdoba

118
Q

DO Montilla-Moriles in Andalucía encompasses how many towns? Name the two most important. What factors distinguish them?

A

17
Montilla
Moriles
Elevation, soil

119
Q

Name the vineyards of DO Montilla-Moriles in Andalucía that are planted at the highest elevations. On what kind of soil?

A

Sierra de Montilla
Moriles Altos
Albariza (locally: Albero)

120
Q

With the exception of the highest elevation vineyards, name and describe the soils in the rest of DO Montilla-Moriles in Andalucía.

A

ruedos
sandy topsoil, clay subsoil

121
Q

What impact do ruedos soils have on vines in DO Montilla-Moriles in Andalucía, compared with albero (albariza)?

A

(sandy topsoil, clay subsoil)
More heat, hydric stress

122
Q

What is the main grape in DO Montilla-Moriles in Andalucía?

A

Pedro Ximénez (PX)

123
Q

What kind of wines are made from PX in DO Montilla-Moriles in Andalucía? What is it most famous for?

A

still wine
vinos generosos
famed for: dulces

124
Q

Much PX from DO Montilla-Moriles is used to sweeten what?

A

Blended sherries, aged in Jerez

125
Q

PX wines in DO Montilla-Moriles age differently depending on the soil they were grown on. Which soil shows accelerated ageing/oxidation?

A

Clay (ruedos)

126
Q

How are PX wines made under DO Montilla-Moriles? How are they labelled?

A

Similar to sherry but with PX instead of Palomino.
Labelled Fino, Amontillado or Oloroso. Not labelled sherry.
Finos are not fortified (PX reaches 15% naturally).

127
Q

What is the origin of the term Amontillado?

A

from Montilla, as in DO Montilla-Moriles in Andalucía

128
Q

True/false: flor develops in DO Montilla-Moriles

A

True
but thinner and weaker than in the Marco de Jerez

129
Q

What kind of vessels are used for vinification in DO Montilla-Moriles?

A

Traditionally: tinajas (large earthernware vessels: 60-100 hl)

Modern: temperature controlled stainless steel tanks for fermentation, then tinajas for ageing

130
Q

Outline the production process for sweet PX in DO Montilla-Moriles

A

Hand harvest in August.
soleo/asoleado: sun dried on straw mats for 4-10 days, turning, until double concentrated with 400 g/L sugar.
Basket pressed.
Fermented to about 3-4% abv.
Fortified to 15% abv with neutral grape spirit.
Put in tinajas or casks and categorised as vintage or solera (casks filled, min 2 years).

131
Q

Vintage Sweet PX from DO Montilla-Moriles is typically never topped off. What happens to the wine during ageing? What is it like? How much sugar? Bottle ageing potential?

A

It concentrates.
Opaque black, raisins/figs/chocolate/caramel.
Can be over 500 g/L sugar.
Age for decades.

132
Q

Soil types of DO Málaga?

A

Limestone, clay, decomposed granite

133
Q

All the need-to-know DOs in Andalucía have a Mediterranean climate. Which has continental influences?

A

DO Montilla-Moriles

134
Q

Which need-to-know DO in Andalucía has the smallest vineyard?

A

DO Málaga (996 ha)

135
Q

Which need-to-know DO in Andalucía has the highest rainfall? When?

A

DO Montilla-Moriles
500-1,000 mm irregularly

136
Q

Apart from Albariza, what soil types are found in the Marco de Jerez?

A

Barros (clay)
Arenas (sand)

137
Q

What are the three alternative origin stories for tapas?

A

13C: King Alfonso X of Castile ill, given small portions of food with wine; on recovery he ordered all taverns to sell snacks with wine

Bourbon King Alfonso XIII (1886-1931) ordered wine in Cádiz, came with ham across top to protect from blowing sand; ordered another

In Sevilla taverns served sherry with a saucer on top to keep flies off, started putting snacks on it

138
Q

Which Spanish verb does ‘tapas’ come from?

A

Tapar (to cover / on top)

139
Q

When did the Phoenicians come to Andalucía? Where were their wine presses found? Which city is still thriving? Which city is named by the Greeks as a trading partner but may not have existed?

A

Castillo de Doña Blanca (in El Puerto de Santa Maria)

Gadir (Cádiz), the oldest city still standing in W Europe

Tartessus

140
Q

Which three peoples came to Andalucía after the Phoenicians?

A

Celtiberians
Greeks
Carthaginians

141
Q

When did the Romans take Gadir (Cádiz), what did they rename it and use it for?

A

200 BCE
Gades
naval base

142
Q

When did the Vandals cross the Pirineos? When the Romans gave them land in the south, what was the settlement referred to as?

A

409 CE
Vandalusia

143
Q

When did the Visigoths push the Vandals out of Andalucía into Africa?

A

late 5C

144
Q

When did the Moors conquer the Visigoths in Andalucía, and where did they put their capital?

A

711
Córdoba

145
Q

The Moors permitted viticulture. What for?

A

raisins
alcohol for medicines and perfumes

146
Q

What did the Caliph order in Jerez in 966? What happened?

A

Vines to be grubbed up.
One third was left for raisins for troops

147
Q

Which Andalucían wine was prized by New World explorers from 1492?

A

Málaga
Royal decree gave land for vines

148
Q

On what date in 1492 did Columbus sail, and from which port?

A

3 Aug 1492
Palos de la Frontera (Huelva province)

149
Q

The new world trade in gold, silver and spice led to which Andalucían city becoming the largest in 16C Spain?

A

Sevilla

150
Q

In which year did Ferdinand Magellan set out from Sevilla with five ships to seek the Spice Islands of Indonesia? How many ships came back, after how long?

A

1519
One, three years later

151
Q

For how long did which Andalucían city monopolise trade with the New World colonies? What happened to much of the wealth?

A

Two centuries
Sevilla
Wealth left Spain through alliances with France, England Austria (notably the Hapsburg rulers of Spain)

152
Q

Who ended Andalucía’s trading monopoly in 1700?

A

Bourbon King Philip V on taking power.

153
Q

In which centry was sherry production transformed by the development of the criaderas y solera system?

A

18C

154
Q

What diminished Andalucía in the early 19C? Which industry particularly suffered? What replaced them?

A

French occupation during Napoleonic Wars.
Loss of western Spanish colonies.

Ship building suffered.
Railways were built.

155
Q

In which year was the first railway built in Andalucía? From where to where?

A

1854
La Estación de Jerez

from Jerez de la Frontera to El Puerto de Santa María

156
Q

How did Andalucía fare under Franco?

A

Hard hit.
Bombing of Córdoba, Granada, Sevilla, Huelva, Málaga.
‘White Terror’: mass murder by Franco’s troops, executing 30,000 in Andalucía.
Many emigrated to Cataluña or France.

157
Q

When did Andalucía become an autonomous community? When did it elect its first government?

A

1981
1982

158
Q

How was Andalucía recognised in 2006?

A

‘Historic nationality’

159
Q

How is Andalucía generally faring today?

A

Doing well

160
Q

Maximum sugar content for:
Fino
Manzanilla
Oloroso
Palo Cortado

A

<5 g/L

161
Q

Minimum sugar content of these dulce sherries:
Moscatel
PX

A

160 g/L
212 g/L

162
Q

Min-max alcohol content of:
Fino
Manzanilla

A

15-17 %abv
15-19 %abv

163
Q

Min-max alcohol of:
Amontillado
Palo Cortado
Oloroso

A

16-22 %abv
17-22 %abv
17-22 %abv

164
Q

Min-max alcohol of blended sherries:
Dry
Pale Cream
Medium
Cream

A

15-22 %abv
15.5-22 %abv
15-22 %abv
15.5-22 %abv

165
Q

Recommended serving temperature for dry sherries, by type?

A

Fino/Manzanilla 6-8ºC

Amontillado / Palo Cortado / Oloroso 12-14ºC

166
Q

Recommended serving temperature for dulce sherries, by type?

A

Moscatel/PX 12-14ºC

167
Q

Recommended serving temperature for blended sherries, by type?

A

Dry / Pale Cream 7-9ºC
Medium / Cream 12-14ºC

Spanish Wine Scholar (14 decks)

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