Fundamentals: History Flashcards
When were the earliests humans on the Iberian peninsula?
1.4mya
When did modern humans arrive on the Iberian peninsula? What route did they take? Where did they tend to settle?
35kya
across the Pirineos
the coast
Which trading civilisation first arrived in the Iberian peninsula? When?
Phoenicians
About 3,000 years ago (1,000 BCE)
Which city did the early Phoenician settlers initially establish? Which city did they trade with (according to unreliable early sources)? Which two further cities did they found inland?
Gadir (Cádiz)
Trade with Tartessus
Xera (Jerez)
Malaka (Málaga)
What style of wine did the Phoenicians make?
Strong, sweet, able to travel
Around the same time as the Phoenicians, which prehistoric tribe was settling in the southern Iberian peninsula? Where did they come from?
Iberians
possibly from North Africa
After the Phoenicians and Iberians, which tribe spread across the northern Iberian peninsula in the 10-7C BCE? What happened when they met the Iberians?
Celts
merged with Iberians to form the Celtiberian tribe
When did Greeks first arrive in the Iberian peninsula? What’s the story? Why did they name it Iberia?
mid 7C BCE
640 BCE: sea captain Kolaios was on his way to Egypt when a storm blew him off course. He landed in Tartessus (SW Spain) and was welcomed by the Phoenician king Arganthonius. This started Greek-Phoenician trade.
The Greeks left southern Iberia to the Phoenicians and settled on the northeastern coast, naming the peninsula Iberia, possibly after the Iber (Ebro) river.
When did the Carthaginians arrive in Iberia, after the fall of which empire? How did they get along with the others?
6C BCE
after the fall of Phoenicia
all the tribes co-existed
When did the Romans arrive in Iberia? How did they get along with the others?
3C BCE
They brought their longstanding rivalry with the Carthaginians. Romans invaded the south, overrunning the Phonicians and Carthaginians, then marched north and east.
While the Romans were invading in 3C BCE, what other conflict was happening around El Valle del Ebro (the Ebro river valley)? Which side was allegedly sympathetic to Rome? How did this influence the Roman conquest?
Celtiberians were fighting the Vascones for this fertile area for over a century.
The Vascones were alleged Roman sympathisers. The Celtiberians won, but the Romans conquered the peninsula anyway over 170 years.
How long did it take for the Romans to conquer the Iberian peninsula? What did they call it? How did this prepare Iberia for Christianity?
About 170 years.
Hispania
They united it under the Latin language, which became the official language of the church headquartered in Rome.
The Roman invasion introduced winemaking. What were their fermentation vessels. What did they call their vinification method, how did it work, and what sort of wine did it produce?
Stone troughs
vinum ceretensis:
Boil grape must to reduce and concentrate it, add it to fermenting must. Produces strong, sweet, stable wine for ageing and transport across the Roman empire.
The Roman empire was weakening in the 5C CE. Name four of the many tribes who invaded, and their origins. Which other tribe did the Romans turn to for help, and what happened then?
Germanic tribes:
Vandals
Hasdingi
Silingi
Alans
The Romans asked the Germanic Visigoths in Southern France to help restore their authority, and the Visigoths overran them.
When did the Visigoths rule Hispania? Where was their capital?
mid 6C CE: Visigoths move their capital to Toledo and rule Hispania for nearly 200 years
Who defeated the Visigoths and when?
711: Moors cross the Strait of Gibraltar and defeat the Visigoth king Roderic at Guadalete near Jerez.
What did the Moors call their conquered territory?
Al-Andalus
What is the origin of the term Moors?
1C CE: Greek philosopher Strabo wrote about the Berbers, who the Greeks called Mauri. This became Moors, used through the Middle Ages to refer to Muslims in the Maghreb, Iberia, and the western mediterranean islands.
When did the Moorish occupation of Iberia start and end?
711 - 1492
Name four Muslim groups who ruled Al-Andalus
Umayyads
Almoravids
Almohads
Nasrids
Where and when were the Moors finally defeated?
1492
Granada
After the Moors were defeated at Granada, many stayed in Spain. Under what terms? What were they called? How long did that last, and how did it end?
Forced conversion to Christianity.
Moriscos
1609-1614 Muslims and Moriscos were expelled by Philip III of Castile
How far north did the Moors control the Iberian peninsula?
Rio Duero (Duero river)
Alcohol is restricted under Islam. What effect did the Moors have on viticulture and winemaking?
Viticulture continued for raisins, medicine and perfume.
Wine production slowed but did not stop. Very little was exported. Everyone including Muslims enjoyed nabibi, a southern sweet wine made from raisins. And wine was taxed.
What was the name of the sweet wine from the southern Iberian peninsula, enjoyed by everyone including the Muslims.
nabibi
What happened when the local caliph ordered the destruction of the Jerez vineyards?
Vineyard owners argued that raisin production was needed for Islamic troops going on jihad. One third of vineyards survived.
Who established the Kingdom of Asturias, and when?
718: Pelagius, a Visigoth nobleman
When and where was the first decisive Christian victory against the invading Moors? What was this the beginning of?
summer 722: Covadonga (in Asturias)
Began the Reconquista
Name three boosters to wine culture during the Al-Andalus period
Christians reclaimed the peninsula as the Reconquista progressed, using wine in ceremonies.
Pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago.
Source of calories.
Which group of Roman Catholic monks, from where, arrived and expanded in the 12C? Name four quality improvements they introduce to wine production?
Cistercians
based in Burgundy
Choice of best soils and sites for viticulture.
Extended maceration for grape must.
Keeping barrels full to slow oxidation.
Creating wine cellars for constant temperature.
In the early 12C, which foreign king traded what product in return for ‘sherish’ wine? What was the wine also known as, where was it from, and what was it (probably) like? Which king was continuing this in the mid 14C?
Henry I of England
traded wool
for sherish / sherries sack / sack
from Jerez de la Frontera
very sweet, unfortified wine
King Edward III
Name four Christian kingdoms who consolidated their power to fight the Moors over the centuries of the Reconquista
León
Castile
Aragón
Portugal
When did Portugal become independent? Which kingdom did it separate from?
1139
León
In which year did which 15C marriage unite most of the Iberian peninsila?
What title were they given, by whom?
1469
Ferdinand II of Aragón
Isabella I of Castile
‘Catholic Monarchs’
by Pope Alexander VI
