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MSK > Paediatric Ortho > Flashcards

Paediatric Ortho Flashcards

1
Q

What is talipes?

A

a deformity in whic hthe foot is twisted out of normal position

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2
Q

What is the difference between varus and valgus?

A

varus is when there is displacement of part of a limb towards the midline whereas valgus is part of a limb away from the midline

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3
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

an incomplete vertebral arch

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4
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A

if the incompete vertebral arch is covered by skin

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5
Q

What is the difference between meningocoele and meningomyelocele?

A

meningocoele is a herniation through a bony defect of dura and arachnoid whereas with the meningomyelocele the cord is involved too

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6
Q

What is important about the level of defect of spine in spina bifida?

A

the higher the defect on the spine, the most severe the complications

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7
Q

What are the prerequisites for normal gait?

A

stability in stance; sufficient foot clearance (ots of muscles) and joints involved; appropriate swing phase prepositioning of the foot ( put foot on the grounD); adequate step length and energy conservation

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8
Q

What is an antalgic limp?

A

source of pain is in the limb so walking is done in a way to minimise stance phase and decrese time on painful imb

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9
Q

What is a positive trendelemberg?

A

hips are not aligned when one foot is off the groun

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10
Q

What does a postive trendenlenberg indicate

A

adductor insuffiency; defective fulcrum or defective lever

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11
Q

What are causes of tip toe gait?

A

habitual; structural and neurological

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12
Q

What is habitual tip toe gait?

A

when someone just gets int othe way of walking like that for no otehr reason

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13
Q

What can cause structural tip toe gait?

A

a tight achilles

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14
Q

What can cause a neurological tip toe gait?

A

spasticity; spina bifida; cerebral palsy; muscualr dystrophy

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15
Q

What is spasticity?

A

veolcity dependent increase in tone- contraction doesnt stop as no central inhibition

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16
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

inclusive term that describes a group of non-progressive disorders in which disease of the brain causes an impairment of motor function

17
Q

What occurss with the neurological injury?

A

loss of normal motor development; maintenance of primitive reflexes; loss of selective motor control ; weakness; injury to blaance mechanism and abnormal tone

18
Q

What are the topographical types of cerebral palsy?

A

hemiplegia (unilateral); diplegia (bilaterLal: total body involvemtn

19
Q

How does a brain injury result in bone deformity?

A

injury leads to increased tone and so abnormal posture which leads to contracture and bone deformity

20
Q

Why do diplegics with CP walk with in-toeing?

A

their hips are internally rotated as their hip is still at 40 degres and in order ot walk they ahve to rotate their hip round

21
Q

What are the risk factors for developmental dysplasi of the hip?

A

breech position; family history; other MSK anomalies

22
Q

What is the ortolani manoeuvre?

A

attempt to reloacte a discolated hip by abductiontry to lift up the femoral head and reloacte it in the acetabulum- positive if a palpable clunk

23
Q

What is the barlow manoeuvre?

A

when you attempt to sublux or dislocate an unstable hip by adduction

24
Q

What is the imaging of choice for DDH?

A

ultrasound

25
Q

What is the treatment for early diagnosed DDH?

A

a Pavlik harness

26
Q

What is perthes disease?

A

idiopathic avascular necrosis which causes osteochondritis

27
Q

Who gets perthes disease?

A

M:F 4:1; ages 4-8

28
Q

What is SUFE?

A

slipped upper femoral epiphysis- displacement of the growth plate with the epiphysis always slipping down and back

29
Q

What is seen on x-ray with SUFE

A

a line drawn along the superior edge of the femoral neck does not intersect the femoral head- which it should

30
Q

Who gets SUFE?

A

10-16years; M:F 2:1; much more common in the obese

31
Q

What is the treatment of SUFE?

A

stabilisisation acorss the physis

32
Q

How does SUFE presnet?

A

an adolescent with limping and pain in the groin; ant. thigh or knee

33
Q

What is the most common cause of hip pain in children?

A

transient synovitis of the hip

34
Q

What must always be ruled out in a child with hip pain?

A

septic arthritis

MSK (39 decks)

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