(P) Week 4: WBC Functions and Kinetics Part 2

Question 1

What is the objective of the respiratory burst

Answer 1

form a reactive oxygen species (ROS) or singlet oxygen

Question 2

NADPH oxidase will react with ___________ to allow the transfer of one electron to oxygen to create a singlet oxygen

Answer 2

NADPH substate

Question 3

this is a superoxide free radical that is the byproduct of a biochemical reaction between NADPH oxidase and NADPH substrate

Answer 3

singlet oxygen

Question 4

the superoxide free radical / singlet oxygen will be acted upon by either _____________ or ____________

Answer 4

superoxide dismutase (SOD)
myeloperoxidase (MPO)

Question 5

What is the product of the reaction between the singlet oxygen and superoxide dismutase / myeloperoxidase

Answer 5

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Question 6

In the fenton reaction, H2O2 + Fe^3+ will be catabolized into?

Answer 6

hydroxyl compounds

Question 7

In the halide reaction, H2O2 + Cl^- will be converted to ____________ with the action of myeloperoxidase.

Answer 7

Hypochlorous acid

Question 8

other name for fenton reacton

Answer 8

Weiss reaction

Question 9

H2O2 is toxic to human cells, which enzymes do WBCs use to convert it to a non toxic substance

Answer 9

catalase enzyme (that forms water and oxygen)
Glutathione oxidase

Question 10

what pathway does the WBC use to convert H2O2 to a nontoxic substance?

Answer 10

pentose phosphate pathway

Question 11

Singlet oxygen reacts with nitrous oxide to form?

Answer 11

peroxynitrite anion

Question 12

Large organism such as parasitic larva or helminths that cannot be totally engulfed by
neutrophils are destroyed by the

Answer 12

eosinophil

Question 13

NADPH is produced by the

Answer 13

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 14

How can nitrous oxide multiply in our blood?

Answer 14

by exposing our skin to the sunlight

Question 15

what do people with chronic granulomatous disease lack?

Answer 15

NADPH oxidase

Question 16

this byproduct of the oxidative burst may leak outside of our cells and form pus

Answer 16

hydrogen peroxide

Question 17

what is the composition of pus

Answer 17

WBC and cellular debris

Question 18

Cytoplasmic contents of the granulocytes and
monocytes

Nitric oxide
antibiotic proteins
azurophilic granules (peroxidase, lysozyme, acid hydrolase)
specific granules (lactoferrin and lysozyme)
tertiary granules (alkaline phosphatase)

Answer 18

neutrophil

Question 19

Cytoplasmic contents of the granulocytes and
monocytes

major basic protein
arysulfatase
histaminase

Answer 19

eosinophil

Question 20

Cytoplasmic contents of the granulocytes and
monocytes

histamine
prostaglandin
thromboxane
leukotrines
heparin
eosinophil chemotactic factor

Answer 20

basophil

Question 21

Cytoplasmic contents of the granulocytes and
monocytes

hydrologic enzymes
reactive oxygen
metabolites (hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals)

Answer 21

monocyte

Question 22

source of iron for the fenton reaction, may cause anemia if this substance is always present

Answer 22

lactoferrin

Question 23

this WBC is highly effective in killing worms by ingesting its integumentary system

Answer 23

eosinophil

Question 24

this substance is released due to excessive eosinophil action

Answer 24

charcot leyden crystals

Question 25

these are two features that allows eosinophils to bind to parasites

Answer 25

Fc recetors (binds to IgE) complement receptor (bonds to complement protein)

Question 26

what happens to the parasite after the eosinophil binds to it?

Answer 26

eosinophil creates a hole on its integumentary system, increasing membrane permeability

Question 27

Why does increased membrane permeability kill parasites?

Answer 27

its osmotic balance will be thrown off

Question 28

eosinophil may release chemicals which allows collagen deposition, causing ___________, if it occurs in the liver, it may obstruct its function

Answer 28

fibrosis

Question 29

Large organism such as parasitic larva or helminths that cannot be totally engulfed by neutrophils are destroyed by the

Answer 29

eosinophil

Question 30

plays a major role in immune regulation by removing double-positive developing lymphocyte or thymocytes within the thymus tissue

Answer 30

WBC | EOSIN

Question 31

regulates the allergic reaction by releasing histaminase enzyme that neutralizes the action of histamine which causes the symptoms of allergy.

Answer 31

eosinophil

Question 32

What does eosinophil produce that regulates the allergic reaction caused by histamine

Answer 32

histaminase enzyme

Question 33

increased number of ____________ is associated with certain allergic disorders such as asthma, intestinal food allergy, allergic colitis, ulcerative colitis, and Chron's disease

Answer 33

eosinophils

Question 34

T or F eosinophils can also act as antigen presenting cell and promotes the development of effector cells during adaptive immunity

Answer 34

T

Question 35

eosinophil influences the tissue survival and activity of the mast cells by releasing the ___________

Answer 35

nerve growth factor

Question 36

WBC always associated with allergic or anaphylactic response

Answer 36

basophils

Question 37

a severe allergic reaction

Answer 37

anaphylaxis

Question 38

what do basophils and mast cells contain that's responsible for the allergic reaction in our body?

Answer 38

histamine

Question 39

what will be the consequences if histamine is released in our blood

Answer 39

increased vascular permeability edema anaphylactic shock (severe cases) bronchoconstriction pruritis

Question 40

why do people with severe allergic reactions have difficulty breathing?

Answer 40

the edema on the entire body causes leakage of fluid in the lungs or bronchoconstriction (tightening of the airways)

Question 41

type of antibody that binds to the basophil's Fc receptor, causing anaphylactic shock

Answer 41

IgE

Question 42

type of dose whenever there's a lot of allergens in our body

Answer 42

challenging dose

Question 43

the __________ of the IgE and the basophil will cause the latter to release histamine

Answer 43

cross-linking

Question 44

WBC known to activate the T helper 2 (Th2) effector cell

Answer 44

basophil

Question 45

the basophil needs the presence of _______ and ___________ to activate the T helper cell

Answer 45

CD40 ligand Interleukins such as IL4

Question 46

This is responsible to activate the b cells for humoral immune response

Answer 46

T helper 2 effector cell

Question 47

This immune response's main objective is to produce the antibodies that will be released in our plasma

Answer 47

humoral immune response

Question 48

T or F mast cells are considered as leukocytes as they are tissue effector cells of allergic responses and inflammatory reactions

Answer 48

F (not considered as leukocytes)

Question 49

this will activate or attract eosinophils

Answer 49

Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF)

Question 50

This is a series of cell activation influenced by the release of different cytokines known as interleukins

Answer 50

adaptive / acquired immunity

Question 51

chemical released by immunologic cells which is responsible for growth, development, and differentiation of the targeted cells, they can also influence the maturation of hematopoietic cells that directs it to the proper order of development.

Answer 51

interleukins

Question 52

please please please study the process of the adaptive immunity

Answer 52

go na mahirap siya gawan ng cards

Question 53

two phases of the human immune response

Answer 53

primary immune response secondary immune response

Question 54

what is the predominating antibody produced in the primary immune response

Answer 54

IgM immunoglobulin

Question 55

what is the predominating antibody produced in the secondary immune response

Answer 55

IgG antibody

Question 56

which of the two human immune response takes longer?

Answer 56

primary

Question 57

a “professional phagocyte” has the capability to recognized wide range of bacterial organisms using its toll-like receptors. also acts as a “scavenger cell” which makes it effective in removing debris resulted from tissue damage caused by trauma or infection

Answer 57

monocyte / macrophage

Question 58

to whom does the macrophage present the disintegrated antigens of pathogenic organisms

Answer 58

T helper cell

Question 59

what are the disintegrated antigens of pathogenic organisms called?

Answer 59

small antigenic peptides

Question 60

small antigenic peptides will migrate from the __________ to the macrophages’ cell membrane and binds with the MHC class ________ molecule located on the surface of the cell.

Answer 60

cytoplasm , MHC class type II

Question 61

The mechanism on exactly how the macrophages chooses what antigen to pick up is still a mystery. The antigens are picked up because of possible

Answer 61

ANTIGEN COMPLEXITY or EXPOSURE

Question 62

it is the similarity between macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-cells

Answer 62

MHC Type II proteins

Question 63

where does the development of the adaptive immunity occur?

Answer 63

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 64

T cells are differentiated or activated in 2 ways

Answer 64

antigen dependent antigen independent

Question 65

eosinophil that migrated to tissue may survive for about how many days?

Answer 65

2-5 days

Question 66

what is the approximate life span of basophil

Answer 66

60 hours

Question 67

what is the origin of most of the basophil or mast cells?

Answer 67

spleen and bone marrow

Question 68

what is the lifespan of monocytes in circulation

Answer 68

approximately 3 days

Question 69

Special kind of macrophages which is located in the lymph nodes and secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 69

dendritic cells

Question 70

CD markers t helper cell

Answer 70

CD4+

Question 71

CD markers T cytotoxic cell

Answer 71

CD8+

Question 72

CD markers B cell

Answer 72

CD 19, 20, 21, 22

Question 73

CD markers CALLA

Answer 73

CD 10

Question 74

CD markers Low affinity IgG receptor

Answer 74

CD 16

Question 75

CD markers NK cell

Answer 75

CD 16, 56

Question 76

T or F there are 3 types of MHC but does not include MHC class type III

Answer 76

t Because it's more of a complement protein

Question 77

MHC class type that's present in all nucleated cells

Answer 77

MHC class type I

Question 78

Do mature RBCs have MHC class type I?

Answer 78

no because they do not have a nucleus

Question 79

remnants of MHC molecule in mature red cells is called

Answer 79

BENNETT-GOODSPEED ANTIGEN

Question 80

what does MHC mean?

Answer 80

major histocompatibility

Question 81

what is the antigen comprising the MHC?

Answer 81

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA Ag)

Question 82

T or F the human leukocyte antigen can only be found in the WBCs

Answer 82

F (scientists initially thought they were found on wbcs only)

Question 83

HLS Ags are the ones recognized by ______ for self recognition

Answer 83

t cells

Question 84

HLA molecules of MHC Class Type I are called

Answer 84

HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C

Question 85

T or F HLA are very complex molecules in our cells which is different from each individual

Answer 85

T

Question 86

MHC class type that is present in the antigen presenting cells

Answer 86

MHC class type 2

Question 87

HLA present in MHC Class Type II is called

Answer 87

HLA-D

Question 88

What kind of binding happens in the cellular and humoral mediated method?

Answer 88

T-cell receptor + MHC class type II + CD4

Question 89

the lone source of IL2

Answer 89

t-helper

Question 90

a pivotal interleukin in the entire immune system especially in the adaptive immunity but it can also activate phagocytes and NK cells

Answer 90

IL-2

Question 91

Cell-Mediated Immune Response is activated by the ________ by releasing γ-Interferon that will activate the T cytotoxic cell (Tc) or CD8+ lymphocyte.

Answer 91

Th1

Question 92

responsible for “cell-to-cell combat” that causes cytotoxicity on a targeted cell by releasing its cytoplasmic contents known as perforin and granzymes

Answer 92

T cytotoxic cell

Question 93

Humoral Immune Response, the ______ releases IL-4,5,6 and 2 to activate the B-cell to transform into either B-memory cell or plasma cell.

Answer 93

Th2

Question 94

The __________cell’s function is to recognize the same organism that a plasma antibody can recognize

Answer 94

B-memory

Question 95

where are the b memory cells located?

Answer 95

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 96

T or F the concentration of the antibody will always be present in our plasma because of the lifetime immunity

Answer 96

T

Question 97

match the biological function to the cytokine * moderator of immune tolerance * controls T regulator cells * Activation and growth of T helper and T cytotoxic cells

Answer 97

IL-2

Question 98

match the biological function to the cytokine * Production or proliferation of hematopoietic cells

Answer 98

IL-3

Question 99

match the biological function to the cytokine * growth and development of T cells and B cells * helps in megakaryocyte maturation * An acute phase reactant

Answer 99

IL-6

Question 100

match the biological function to the cytokine * used as negative feedback to inhibit macrophages and cytokine production

Answer 100

IL-10

Question 101

match the biological function to the cytokine * Th1 effector cell differentiation

Answer 101

IL-12

Question 102

match the biological function to the cytokine * T helper and T cytotoxic cell proliferation * Activates NK and Tc cell cytotoxicity

Answer 102

IL-15

Question 103

match the biological function to the cytokine *Antiviral activity *allows increased MHC molecules expression

Answer 103

y-IFN

Question 104

when will the first signal happen?

Answer 104

after binding of T-cell receptor, MHC II, and CD4

Question 105

Second / third / fourth signal LFA-1 receptor binds to the ICAM-1 receptor for the antigen presenting cells

Answer 105

second

Question 106

Second / third / fourth signal CD2 binds to LFA3

Answer 106

third

Question 107

Second / third / fourth signal CD28 binds to CD80/80(B7)

Answer 107

fourth

Question 108

without one of the four signals, adaptive immunity will not proceed, this is called the

Answer 108

Immune responsiveness / tolerance

Question 109

what are the two ways that b cells are activated by?

Answer 109

T dependent T independent

Question 110

what are the two groups under T independent B-cell activation?

Answer 110

*Ti-1 antigen & Ti-2 antigens *complement components