(P) Week 4: WBC Functions and Kinetics Part 2 Flashcards
What is the objective of the respiratory burst
form a reactive oxygen species (ROS) or singlet oxygen
NADPH oxidase will react with ___________ to allow the transfer of one electron to oxygen to create a singlet oxygen
NADPH substate
this is a superoxide free radical that is the byproduct of a biochemical reaction between NADPH oxidase and NADPH substrate
singlet oxygen
the superoxide free radical / singlet oxygen will be acted upon by either _____________ or ____________
superoxide dismutase (SOD)
myeloperoxidase (MPO)
What is the product of the reaction between the singlet oxygen and superoxide dismutase / myeloperoxidase
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
In the fenton reaction, H2O2 + Fe^3+ will be catabolized into?
hydroxyl compounds
In the halide reaction, H2O2 + Cl^- will be converted to ____________ with the action of myeloperoxidase.
Hypochlorous acid
other name for fenton reacton
Weiss reaction
H2O2 is toxic to human cells, which enzymes do WBCs use to convert it to a non toxic substance
catalase enzyme (that forms water and oxygen)
Glutathione oxidase
what pathway does the WBC use to convert H2O2 to a nontoxic substance?
pentose phosphate pathway
Singlet oxygen reacts with nitrous oxide to form?
peroxynitrite anion
Large organism such as parasitic larva or helminths that cannot be totally engulfed by
neutrophils are destroyed by the
eosinophil
NADPH is produced by the
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
How can nitrous oxide multiply in our blood?
by exposing our skin to the sunlight
what do people with chronic granulomatous disease lack?
NADPH oxidase
this byproduct of the oxidative burst may leak outside of our cells and form pus
hydrogen peroxide
what is the composition of pus
WBC and cellular debris
Cytoplasmic contents of the granulocytes and
monocytes
Nitric oxide
antibiotic proteins
azurophilic granules (peroxidase, lysozyme, acid hydrolase)
specific granules (lactoferrin and lysozyme)
tertiary granules (alkaline phosphatase)
neutrophil
Cytoplasmic contents of the granulocytes and
monocytes
major basic protein
arysulfatase
histaminase
eosinophil
Cytoplasmic contents of the granulocytes and
monocytes
histamine
prostaglandin
thromboxane
leukotrines
heparin
eosinophil chemotactic factor
basophil
Cytoplasmic contents of the granulocytes and
monocytes
hydrologic enzymes
reactive oxygen
metabolites (hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals)
monocyte
source of iron for the fenton reaction, may cause anemia if this substance is always present
lactoferrin
this WBC is highly effective in killing worms by ingesting its integumentary system
eosinophil
this substance is released due to excessive eosinophil action
charcot leyden crystals
these are two features that allows eosinophils to bind to parasites
Fc recetors (binds to IgE)
complement receptor (bonds to complement protein)
what happens to the parasite after the eosinophil binds to it?
eosinophil creates a hole on its integumentary system, increasing membrane permeability
Why does increased membrane permeability kill parasites?
its osmotic balance will be thrown off
eosinophil may release chemicals which allows collagen deposition, causing ___________, if it occurs in the liver, it may obstruct its function
fibrosis
Large organism such as
parasitic larva or helminths that cannot be totally
engulfed by neutrophils are destroyed by the
eosinophil
plays a major role in immune
regulation by removing double-positive
developing lymphocyte or thymocytes within
the thymus tissue
WBC
EOSIN
regulates the allergic reaction by
releasing histaminase enzyme that neutralizes the
action of histamine which causes the symptoms of
allergy.
eosinophil
What does eosinophil produce that regulates the allergic reaction caused by histamine
histaminase enzyme
increased number of ____________ is associated with certain allergic disorders such as asthma, intestinal food allergy, allergic colitis, ulcerative colitis, and Chron’s disease
eosinophils
T or F
eosinophils can also act as antigen presenting cell and promotes the development of effector cells
during adaptive immunity
T
eosinophil influences the tissue survival and activity of the mast cells by releasing the ___________
nerve growth factor
WBC always associated with allergic or anaphylactic response
basophils
a severe allergic reaction
anaphylaxis
what do basophils and mast cells contain that’s responsible for the allergic reaction in our body?
histamine
what will be the consequences if histamine is released in our blood
increased vascular permeability
edema
anaphylactic shock (severe cases)
bronchoconstriction
pruritis
why do people with severe allergic reactions have difficulty breathing?
the edema on the entire body causes leakage of fluid in the lungs
or
bronchoconstriction (tightening of the airways)
type of antibody that binds to the basophil’s Fc receptor, causing anaphylactic shock
IgE
type of dose whenever there’s a lot of allergens in our body
challenging dose
the __________ of the IgE and the basophil will cause the latter to release histamine
cross-linking
WBC known to activate the T helper 2 (Th2) effector cell
basophil
the basophil needs the presence of _______ and ___________ to activate the T helper cell
CD40 ligand
Interleukins such as IL4
This is responsible to activate the b cells for humoral immune response
T helper 2 effector cell
This immune response’s main objective is to produce the antibodies that will be released in our plasma
humoral immune response
T or F
mast cells are considered as leukocytes as they are tissue effector cells of allergic responses and inflammatory reactions
F (not considered as leukocytes)
this will activate or attract eosinophils
Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF)
This is a series of cell activation influenced by the release of
different cytokines known as interleukins
adaptive / acquired immunity
chemical released by immunologic cells
which is responsible for growth, development, and differentiation of the targeted cells, they can also influence the maturation of hematopoietic cells that directs it to the proper order of development.
interleukins
please please please study the process of the adaptive immunity
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two phases of the human immune response
primary immune response
secondary immune response
what is the predominating antibody produced in the primary immune response
IgM immunoglobulin
what is the predominating antibody produced in the secondary immune response
IgG antibody
which of the two human immune response takes longer?
primary
a “professional
phagocyte” has the capability to recognized wide
range of bacterial organisms using its toll-like
receptors.
also acts as a “scavenger cell” which makes it
effective in removing debris resulted from tissue
damage caused by trauma or infection
monocyte / macrophage
to whom does the macrophage present the disintegrated antigens of pathogenic organisms
T helper cell
what are the disintegrated antigens of pathogenic organisms called?
small antigenic peptides
small antigenic peptides will migrate from
the __________ to the macrophages’ cell membrane
and binds with the MHC class ________ molecule
located on the surface of the cell.
cytoplasm , MHC class type II
The mechanism on exactly how the
macrophages chooses what antigen to pick up is
still a mystery. The antigens are picked up
because of possible
ANTIGEN COMPLEXITY
or EXPOSURE
it is the similarity
between macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-cells
MHC Type II proteins
where does the development of the adaptive immunity occur?
secondary lymphoid organs
T cells are differentiated or activated in 2 ways
antigen dependent
antigen independent
eosinophil that migrated to tissue may survive for about how many days?
2-5 days
what is the approximate life span of basophil
60 hours
what is the origin of most of the basophil or mast cells?
spleen and bone marrow
what is the lifespan of monocytes in circulation
approximately 3 days
Special kind of macrophages which is located in the
lymph nodes and secondary lymphoid organs
dendritic cells
CD markers
t helper cell
CD4+
CD markers
T cytotoxic cell
CD8+
CD markers
B cell
CD 19, 20, 21, 22
CD markers
CALLA
CD 10
CD markers
Low affinity IgG receptor
CD 16
CD markers
NK cell
CD 16, 56
T or F
there are 3 types of MHC but does not include MHC class type III
t Because it’s more of a complement protein
MHC class type that’s present in all nucleated cells
MHC class type I
Do mature RBCs have MHC class type I?
no because they do not have a nucleus
remnants of MHC molecule in mature red cells is called
BENNETT-GOODSPEED
ANTIGEN
what does MHC mean?
major histocompatibility
what is the antigen comprising the MHC?
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA Ag)
T or F
the human leukocyte antigen can only be found in the WBCs
F (scientists initially thought they were found on wbcs only)
HLS Ags are the ones recognized by ______ for self recognition
t cells
HLA molecules of MHC Class Type I are called
HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C
T or F
HLA are very complex molecules in our cells
which is different from each individual
T
MHC class type that is present in the antigen presenting cells
MHC class type 2
HLA present in MHC Class Type II is called
HLA-D
What kind of binding happens in the cellular and humoral mediated method?
T-cell receptor + MHC class type II + CD4
the lone source of IL2
t-helper
a pivotal interleukin in the entire immune
system especially in the adaptive immunity
but it can also activate phagocytes and NK
cells
IL-2
Cell-Mediated Immune Response is
activated by the ________ by releasing γ-Interferon
that will activate the T cytotoxic cell (Tc) or CD8+
lymphocyte.
Th1
responsible for “cell-to-cell
combat” that causes cytotoxicity on a targeted cell
by releasing its cytoplasmic contents known as
perforin and granzymes
T cytotoxic cell
Humoral Immune Response, the ______ releases
IL-4,5,6 and 2 to activate the B-cell to transform into
either B-memory cell or plasma cell.
Th2
The __________cell’s function is to recognize
the same organism that a plasma antibody can
recognize
B-memory
where are the b memory cells located?
secondary lymphoid organs
T or F
the concentration of the antibody will always be
present in our plasma because of the lifetime
immunity
T
match the biological function to the cytokine
- moderator of immune tolerance
- controls T regulator cells
- Activation and growth of T helper and T cytotoxic cells
IL-2
match the biological function to the cytokine
- Production or proliferation of hematopoietic cells
IL-3
match the biological function to the cytokine
- growth and development of T cells and B cells
- helps in megakaryocyte maturation
- An acute phase reactant
IL-6
match the biological function to the cytokine
- used as negative feedback to inhibit macrophages and cytokine production
IL-10
match the biological function to the cytokine
- Th1 effector cell differentiation
IL-12
match the biological function to the cytokine
- T helper and T cytotoxic cell proliferation
- Activates NK and Tc cell cytotoxicity
IL-15
match the biological function to the cytokine
*Antiviral activity
*allows increased MHC molecules expression
y-IFN
when will the first signal happen?
after binding of T-cell receptor, MHC II, and CD4
Second / third / fourth signal
LFA-1 receptor binds to the ICAM-1 receptor for the antigen presenting cells
second
Second / third / fourth signal
CD2 binds to LFA3
third
Second / third / fourth signal
CD28 binds to CD80/80(B7)
fourth
without one of the four signals, adaptive immunity will not proceed, this is called the
Immune responsiveness / tolerance
what are the two ways that b cells are activated by?
T dependent
T independent
what are the two groups under T independent B-cell activation?
*Ti-1 antigen & Ti-2 antigens
*complement components
