(P) Week 2: Hematopoiesis PART 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Characteristics of Blood
How many liters of blood do women usually have?
A
5L
2
Q
Characteristics of Blood
How many liters of blood do men usually have?
A
6 liters
3
Q
Characteristics of Blood
About how many percent of a human’s body weight is comprised by blood?
A
7-8%
4
Q
Characteristics of Blood
how many percent of the blood is comprised of the fluid portion?
A
55%
5
Q
Characteristics of Blood
type of fluid obtained from a blood sample in an EDTA tube?
A
plasma
6
Q
Characteristics of Blood
type of fluid from a blood sample from a gold cap tube
A
serum
7
Q
Characteristics of Blood
what does plasma have that serum lacks?
A
fibrinogen and other clotting factors
8
Q
Characteristics of Blood
Which specific clotting factors does serum lack?
A
clotting factors I, V, VIII, and XIII
9
Q
Characteristics of Blood
What is the normal range for blood pH?
A
7.35 to 7.45
10
Q
Characteristics of Blood
If pH<7.35
A
acidosis
11
Q
Characteristics of blood
If pH>7.45
A
alkalosis
12
Q
Characteristics of Blood
How many ml of oxygen is carried per gram of hemoglobin?
A
1.34ml
13
Q
pertains to general blood production
A
hematopoiesis
14
Q
refers to RBC production
A
erythropoiesis
15
Q
the production of WBC
A
leukopoiesis
16
Q
Platelet production is called?
A
megakaryopoiesis
17
Q
Enumerate the three periods of hematopoiesis
A
- Mesoblastic
- Hepatic
- Myeloid
18
Q
what does the mesoblastic period produce?
A
primitive / embryonic RBC
19
Q
When does the mesoblastic period begin?
A
19th-20th day of gestation
20
Q
when does the mesoblastic period end?
A
before 3rd month of gestation
21
Q
What is the source of blood during the mesoblastic period?
A
yolk sac
22
Q
What is the type of Hgb during the mesoblastic period
A
Gower 1 and 2
Portland
23
Q
What are produced during the hepatic period?
A
RBC, WBC, and platelets
24
Q
When does the hepatic period start?
A
5th to 6th week of gestation
25
When does the hepatic period end?
1st to 2nd week after delivery
26
what is the source of blood during the hepatic period?
liver, spleen, lymphnodes, thymus
27
what is the type of Hgb during the hepatic period?
Hgb F (fetal hemoglobin)
28
when does the myeloid period start?
4th to 5th month of gestation
29
when does the myeloid period end?
it doesn't end until death
30
what is the source of blood during the myeloid period?
Red bone marrow
31
What's the type of Hgb during the myeloid period?
Hgb A1 and A2
32
T or F
There no overlaps between the periods of hematopoiesis to ensure that they do not interfere with each others' functions
F (there are overlaps to ensure that hematopoiesis does not stop
33
# Molecular structure
portland
ζ2γ2
| zeta 2, gamma 2
34
# molecular structure
Gower I
ζ2ε2
| zeta 2, epsilon 2
35
# molecular structure
Gower II
α2ε2
| alpha 2, epsilon 2
36
# molecular structure
Hgb F
α2γ2
| alpha 2, gamma 2
37
# molecular structure
Hgb A1
α2β2
| alpha 2, beta 2
38
# molecular structure
Hgb A2
α2δ2
| alpha 2, delta 2
39
about how many percent of hemoglobin during fetal life is Hgb F?
60-90%
40
Normal concentration of Hgb A1 in adults?
97-98%
41
Normal concentration of Hgb A2 in adults?
2-3%
42
What happens when there's an imbalance with Hgb concentrations?
Beta thalassemia
(please read the transes na lang, Sir Adarve gave many examples for Beta thalassemia)
43
What are the three hematopoietic stem cells theory?
1. Monophyletic
2. Dualistic
3. Polyphyletic
44
# HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL THEORY
if cells come from only one mother stem-cell only
Monophyletic Theory
45
# HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL THEORY
two mother stem cells produce all the other cells
Dualistic theory
46
# HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL THEORY
cells are from many mother stem cells
polyphyletic theory
47
# HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL THEORY
Most acceptable theory
monophyletic theory
48
What are the three fates of stem cells?
1. Renewal
2. Differentiation
3. Apoptosis
49
What is the basis for the fate of stem cells?
growth factor
50
# FATE OF STEM CELLS
For storage of red blood cells in the bone marrow
renewal
51
# FATE OF STEM CELLS
some of the stem cells will now mature and have different roles
differentiation
52
# FATE OF STEM CELLS
* natural cell death
* this is needed to balance the amount of bone marrow cells in the body to prevent disease
apoptosis
53
# FATE OF STEM CELLS
pertains to pathologic cell death
necrosis
54
the overproduction of bone marrow cells
polycythemia vera
55
# Theories of mechanism of stem cell fate
random, no reason
stochastic
56
# Theories of mechanism of stem cell fate
more acceptable model on how stem cells reach their fate
instructive
57
enumerate the theories of stem cell fate by Till and McCulloh
1. stochastic
2. instructive
58
# Theories of mechanism of stem cell fate
there is microenvironment, chemical, and growth factor influence
Instructive
59
# Theories of mechanism of stem cell fate
familiarize the instructive signals
1. Inductive microenvironment (chemicals and cytokines)
2. TPO, KIT ligand, FT3 ligand
60
# Theories of mechanism of stem cell fate
familiarize the inductive internal signals
1. TAL1 genes
2. GATA2 genes
3. Notch-1 and Notch-2
61
What are the two fates of stem cell division
1. symmetric
2. asymmetric
62
differentiate symmetric from asymmetric division
symmetric = both daughters have the same fate
asymmetric = daughter cells do not share the same fate
63
used for cell identification
CD markers
64
what does CD mean?
cluster of differentiation / cluster of designation
65
What checks for CD markers
flow cytometry
66
Which cells predominates acute leukemia?
immature cells (CD34)
67
which cells predominate chronic leukemia?
mature cells
68
what does MPC stand for
myeloid progenitor cells
69
what does LPC stand for?
Lymphoid progenitor cells
70
CD markers for B cells
CD19
CD20
CD21
CD22
71
CD markers for stem cell markers
CD34
CD117
72
CD for NK cells
CD7
73
CD marker for erythroid cells
CD71
74
CD marker for megakaryocytes
CD41
CD42
CD61
75
3 Types of growth factors
1. early acting
2. intermediate
3. late acting
76
how many RBC, platelets, and granulocytes are produced by growth factors per kg of bodyweight ?
2.5 billion RBC
2.5 billion platelets
1 billion granulocytes
77
what does IL stand for?
interleukin
78
TPO stands for
thrombopoietin
79
EPO stands or
Erythropoietin
80
CSF-G stands for
colony stimulating factor - granulocyte
81
CSF-M stnds for
colony stimulating factor - monocyte
82
What is the myeloid progenitor stimulating factor?
IL-3
83
T or F
to develop RBCs, you only need the bone marrow
T
84
T or F
To develop lymphocytes, only the bone marrow is needed
F - you need secondary organs as well such as the spleen, lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs
85
What is the sole source of RBC?
Erythropoietin
86
what organ synthesizes EPO?
Kidney
87
function of EPO
influence the bone marrow to produce more RBC
88
familiarize the characteristics of EPO
1. Janus Acting Tyrosine Kinase (JAK2)
2. Glycoprotein
3. 34 daltons
4. Reacts with RBC's terminal sialic acid
89
familiarize the functions of EPO
1. stimulates RBC production
2. Early release of RBC
3. Reduce marrow transit time
4. Prevent apoptosis
90
How does EPO prevent apoptosis
separates the cell death receptors Fasl and Fas
91
chemical that allows for cell death, whose development in the mitochondria can be prevented by the EPO
cytochrome c
92
what does STAT stand for
Signal transduction of activator transcription
93
# Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature
rubriblast
proerythroblast
pronormoblast
94
# Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature
prorubricyte
basophilic erythroblast
bosphilic normoblast
95
# Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature
rubricyte
polychromatophilic erythroblast
polychromatophilic normoblast
96
# Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature
metarubricyte
orthochromatophilic erythroblast
orthochromatophilic normoblast
97
# Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature
reticulocyte
diffusely basophilic erythrocyte / polychromatophilic erythrocyte
diffusely basophilic normocyte / polychromatophilic normocyte
98
# Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature
mature red blood cell
erythrocyte
normocyte
99
T or F
'cyte' indicates that there's no nucleus
T
100
This gives rise to the earliest identifiable colony of RBCs
CFU-GEMM
101
Earliest identifiable colony of RBCs
BFU-E (Burst forming unit-erythroid)
102
this is acted upon by EPO to differentiate into pronormoblasts / rubriblast/ proerythroblast
CFU-E (colony-forming-unit-erythroid)
103
T or F
In RBC precursor cells, size is decreasing
T
104
What is the size of a normal mature red cell?
6-8 micrometer in size
105
If the mature cell's size is 5 micrometers and below, what is the condition called
microcytic red cells / microcytic RBC
106
FAMILIARIZE !!
what can cause your RBCs to decrease in size?
1. iron deficiency anemia
2. thalassemia
3. sideroblastic anemia
4. anemia of chronic disease or inflammation
107
anemia that cause the RBC to increase in size
megaloblastic anemia (lack of vit B12 or folic acid)
108
term that refers to RBCs that is larger than normal
macrocytic red cells
109
refers to the general variation of red cell size (can be big or small)
Anisocytosis
110
term for normal sized RBC
Normocytic RBC
