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Hematology 1 > (P) Week 2: Hematopoiesis PART 1 > Flashcards

(P) Week 2: Hematopoiesis PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Blood

How many liters of blood do women usually have?

A

5L

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2
Q

Characteristics of Blood

How many liters of blood do men usually have?

A

6 liters

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3
Q

Characteristics of Blood

About how many percent of a human’s body weight is comprised by blood?

A

7-8%

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4
Q

Characteristics of Blood

how many percent of the blood is comprised of the fluid portion?

A

55%

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5
Q

Characteristics of Blood

type of fluid obtained from a blood sample in an EDTA tube?

A

plasma

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6
Q

Characteristics of Blood

type of fluid from a blood sample from a gold cap tube

A

serum

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7
Q

Characteristics of Blood

what does plasma have that serum lacks?

A

fibrinogen and other clotting factors

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8
Q

Characteristics of Blood

Which specific clotting factors does serum lack?

A

clotting factors I, V, VIII, and XIII

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9
Q

Characteristics of Blood

What is the normal range for blood pH?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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10
Q

Characteristics of Blood

If pH<7.35

A

acidosis

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11
Q

Characteristics of blood

If pH>7.45

A

alkalosis

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12
Q

Characteristics of Blood

How many ml of oxygen is carried per gram of hemoglobin?

A

1.34ml

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13
Q

pertains to general blood production

A

hematopoiesis

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14
Q

refers to RBC production

A

erythropoiesis

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15
Q

the production of WBC

A

leukopoiesis

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16
Q

Platelet production is called?

A

megakaryopoiesis

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17
Q

Enumerate the three periods of hematopoiesis

A
  1. Mesoblastic
  2. Hepatic
  3. Myeloid
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18
Q

what does the mesoblastic period produce?

A

primitive / embryonic RBC

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19
Q

When does the mesoblastic period begin?

A

19th-20th day of gestation

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20
Q

when does the mesoblastic period end?

A

before 3rd month of gestation

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21
Q

What is the source of blood during the mesoblastic period?

A

yolk sac

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22
Q

What is the type of Hgb during the mesoblastic period

A

Gower 1 and 2
Portland

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23
Q

What are produced during the hepatic period?

A

RBC, WBC, and platelets

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24
Q

When does the hepatic period start?

A

5th to 6th week of gestation

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25
Q

When does the hepatic period end?

A

1st to 2nd week after delivery

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26
Q

what is the source of blood during the hepatic period?

A

liver, spleen, lymphnodes, thymus

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27
Q

what is the type of Hgb during the hepatic period?

A

Hgb F (fetal hemoglobin)

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28
Q

when does the myeloid period start?

A

4th to 5th month of gestation

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29
Q

when does the myeloid period end?

A

it doesn’t end until death

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30
Q

what is the source of blood during the myeloid period?

A

Red bone marrow

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31
Q

What’s the type of Hgb during the myeloid period?

A

Hgb A1 and A2

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32
Q

T or F

There no overlaps between the periods of hematopoiesis to ensure that they do not interfere with each others’ functions

A

F (there are overlaps to ensure that hematopoiesis does not stop

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33
Q

Molecular structure

portland

A

ζ2γ2

zeta 2, gamma 2

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34
Q

molecular structure

Gower I

A

ζ2ε2

zeta 2, epsilon 2

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35
Q

molecular structure

Gower II

A

α2ε2

alpha 2, epsilon 2

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36
Q

molecular structure

Hgb F

A

α2γ2

alpha 2, gamma 2

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37
Q

molecular structure

Hgb A1

A

α2β2

alpha 2, beta 2

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38
Q

molecular structure

Hgb A2

A

α2δ2

alpha 2, delta 2

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39
Q

about how many percent of hemoglobin during fetal life is Hgb F?

A

60-90%

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40
Q

Normal concentration of Hgb A1 in adults?

A

97-98%

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41
Q

Normal concentration of Hgb A2 in adults?

A

2-3%

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42
Q

What happens when there’s an imbalance with Hgb concentrations?

A

Beta thalassemia
(please read the transes na lang, Sir Adarve gave many examples for Beta thalassemia)

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43
Q

What are the three hematopoietic stem cells theory?

A
  1. Monophyletic
  2. Dualistic
  3. Polyphyletic
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44
Q

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL THEORY

if cells come from only one mother stem-cell only

A

Monophyletic Theory

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45
Q

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL THEORY

two mother stem cells produce all the other cells

A

Dualistic theory

46
Q

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL THEORY

cells are from many mother stem cells

A

polyphyletic theory

47
Q

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL THEORY

Most acceptable theory

A

monophyletic theory

48
Q

What are the three fates of stem cells?

A
  1. Renewal
  2. Differentiation
  3. Apoptosis
49
Q

What is the basis for the fate of stem cells?

A

growth factor

50
Q

FATE OF STEM CELLS

For storage of red blood cells in the bone marrow

A

renewal

51
Q

FATE OF STEM CELLS

some of the stem cells will now mature and have different roles

A

differentiation

52
Q

FATE OF STEM CELLS

  • natural cell death
  • this is needed to balance the amount of bone marrow cells in the body to prevent disease
A

apoptosis

53
Q

FATE OF STEM CELLS

pertains to pathologic cell death

A

necrosis

54
Q

the overproduction of bone marrow cells

A

polycythemia vera

55
Q

Theories of mechanism of stem cell fate

random, no reason

A

stochastic

56
Q

Theories of mechanism of stem cell fate

more acceptable model on how stem cells reach their fate

A

instructive

57
Q

enumerate the theories of stem cell fate by Till and McCulloh

A
  1. stochastic
  2. instructive
58
Q

Theories of mechanism of stem cell fate

there is microenvironment, chemical, and growth factor influence

A

Instructive

59
Q

Theories of mechanism of stem cell fate

familiarize the instructive signals

A
  1. Inductive microenvironment (chemicals and cytokines)
  2. TPO, KIT ligand, FT3 ligand
60
Q

Theories of mechanism of stem cell fate

familiarize the inductive internal signals

A
  1. TAL1 genes
  2. GATA2 genes
  3. Notch-1 and Notch-2
61
Q

What are the two fates of stem cell division

A
  1. symmetric
  2. asymmetric
62
Q

differentiate symmetric from asymmetric division

A

symmetric = both daughters have the same fate
asymmetric = daughter cells do not share the same fate

63
Q

used for cell identification

A

CD markers

64
Q

what does CD mean?

A

cluster of differentiation / cluster of designation

65
Q

What checks for CD markers

A

flow cytometry

66
Q

Which cells predominates acute leukemia?

A

immature cells (CD34)

67
Q

which cells predominate chronic leukemia?

A

mature cells

68
Q

what does MPC stand for

A

myeloid progenitor cells

69
Q

what does LPC stand for?

A

Lymphoid progenitor cells

70
Q

CD markers for B cells

A

CD19
CD20
CD21
CD22

71
Q

CD markers for stem cell markers

A

CD34
CD117

72
Q

CD for NK cells

A

CD7

73
Q

CD marker for erythroid cells

A

CD71

74
Q

CD marker for megakaryocytes

A

CD41
CD42
CD61

75
Q

3 Types of growth factors

A
  1. early acting
  2. intermediate
  3. late acting
76
Q

how many RBC, platelets, and granulocytes are produced by growth factors per kg of bodyweight ?

A

2.5 billion RBC
2.5 billion platelets
1 billion granulocytes

77
Q

what does IL stand for?

A

interleukin

78
Q

TPO stands for

A

thrombopoietin

79
Q

EPO stands or

A

Erythropoietin

80
Q

CSF-G stands for

A

colony stimulating factor - granulocyte

81
Q

CSF-M stnds for

A

colony stimulating factor - monocyte

82
Q

What is the myeloid progenitor stimulating factor?

A

IL-3

83
Q

T or F

to develop RBCs, you only need the bone marrow

A

T

84
Q

T or F

To develop lymphocytes, only the bone marrow is needed

A

F - you need secondary organs as well such as the spleen, lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs

85
Q

What is the sole source of RBC?

A

Erythropoietin

86
Q

what organ synthesizes EPO?

A

Kidney

87
Q

function of EPO

A

influence the bone marrow to produce more RBC

88
Q

familiarize the characteristics of EPO

A
  1. Janus Acting Tyrosine Kinase (JAK2)
  2. Glycoprotein
  3. 34 daltons
  4. Reacts with RBC’s terminal sialic acid
89
Q

familiarize the functions of EPO

A
  1. stimulates RBC production
  2. Early release of RBC
  3. Reduce marrow transit time
  4. Prevent apoptosis
90
Q

How does EPO prevent apoptosis

A

separates the cell death receptors Fasl and Fas

91
Q

chemical that allows for cell death, whose development in the mitochondria can be prevented by the EPO

A

cytochrome c

92
Q

what does STAT stand for

A

Signal transduction of activator transcription

93
Q

Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature

rubriblast

A

proerythroblast
pronormoblast

94
Q

Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature

prorubricyte

A

basophilic erythroblast
bosphilic normoblast

95
Q

Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature

rubricyte

A

polychromatophilic erythroblast
polychromatophilic normoblast

96
Q

Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature

metarubricyte

A

orthochromatophilic erythroblast
orthochromatophilic normoblast

97
Q

Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature

reticulocyte

A

diffusely basophilic erythrocyte / polychromatophilic erythrocyte

diffusely basophilic normocyte / polychromatophilic normocyte

98
Q

Give the erlich and normo nomenclature of the given rubri nomenclature

mature red blood cell

A

erythrocyte
normocyte

99
Q

T or F
‘cyte’ indicates that there’s no nucleus

A

T

100
Q

This gives rise to the earliest identifiable colony of RBCs

A

CFU-GEMM

101
Q

Earliest identifiable colony of RBCs

A

BFU-E (Burst forming unit-erythroid)

102
Q

this is acted upon by EPO to differentiate into pronormoblasts / rubriblast/ proerythroblast

A

CFU-E (colony-forming-unit-erythroid)

103
Q

T or F

In RBC precursor cells, size is decreasing

A

T

104
Q

What is the size of a normal mature red cell?

A

6-8 micrometer in size

105
Q

If the mature cell’s size is 5 micrometers and below, what is the condition called

A

microcytic red cells / microcytic RBC

106
Q

FAMILIARIZE !!

what can cause your RBCs to decrease in size?

A
  1. iron deficiency anemia
  2. thalassemia
  3. sideroblastic anemia
  4. anemia of chronic disease or inflammation
107
Q

anemia that cause the RBC to increase in size

A

megaloblastic anemia (lack of vit B12 or folic acid)

108
Q

term that refers to RBCs that is larger than normal

A

macrocytic red cells

109
Q

refers to the general variation of red cell size (can be big or small)

A

Anisocytosis

110
Q

term for normal sized RBC

A

Normocytic RBC

Hematology 1 (28 decks)

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